542 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data
[i] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘dry field’ yh02
yDh13 ‘tree’
uCh11 uD31
‘navel’ fch22
fc=M22 ‘oil’
iht00 it20
‘scissors’ sbh`t00
sbtX20 ‘money’
bh`m00 sbDm20
‘to hurt’ sbh`s44
sbDs33 ‘die’
s`h33 sD22
‘yellow’ bh`m22
bDm30 ‘green’
bh`t33 bt22
‘cold’ sbh`M11
sb`M30 ‘few’
bht22 bDt30
The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below.
1950 data
Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Pitch
33 00 22 11 44 02 44
02 Example
m`33 m`00 m`22 m`11 ju`44 s`02 y`o44, yCo44 j`o02,
jCo02 Gloss thick
field face
mother’s older
brother to cross
river to carry with
shoulder pole, small pig basket
to press between,
to catch
1990 data
Category 1 2 3,
4 5 6 7,
8, 9
Pitch value 44
33 or 31
41 55 24 44
5.15. Wangmo Fuxing
Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p]. The
nucleus of several of these words also was different. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990
‘stone’ yhm02
phm13 ‘water’
yCl20 p`l31
‘sand’ yd24
pD24 ‘road’
yBm02 pBm13
‘building’ y`m00
p`:m20 ‘dry field’
yh42 ph33
Most words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ S]. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990
‘rice’ r`m02
S`:m13 ‘paper’
r`02 S`13
‘garlic’ rnh24
Snh24 ‘sour’
rBl22 SBl41
‘bamboo’ r`t20
S`:t31 ‘to weave’
r`m02 S`:m14
5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 543
Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [h] were recorded in our data with [ w], and one was
recorded with a [ b] initial. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950
1990
‘rain’ gtm02
wv=m13 ‘sea’
g`h42 b:h42
‘rice’ gCt20
w`:t13 ‘seed’
gBm02 wBm13
‘chin’ g`M00
w`:M20 ‘goose’
g`m24 w`:m24
The differences in the nucleus of the words transcribed in the 1950s and the same words recorded in our survey are at times fairly significant. The nucleus [
L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English
1950 1990
‘sky’ faLm02
fa=m13 ‘cloud’
uL=22 uX=42
‘chopsticks’ sL42
sX33 ‘leaf’
fa`L02 fa`X13
‘wing’ eL:s22
eX=s13 ‘feather’
oLm02 o=m13
‘snake’ ML=00
MX=20 ‘earthworm’
fcL:m02 fchDm13
‘boat’ yuL=00
pt=20 ‘to carry on back’
fL02 fX13
‘inside’ fcCL02
fcX13 ‘to buy’
bL20 bX31
‘girl’ faLj24
fa=j24 ‘matchmaker’
rL24 rO24
[u] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei in our data:
English 1950 1990
English 1950
1990
‘rain’ gtm02
wv=m13 ‘rainbow’
btM20 bnM20
‘goat’ it:M00
itM20 ‘belly’
stM20 snM3
‘soft’ ftm42
fT=m24 ‘seems’
ktl22 k=l42
[e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei in our data:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘sand’ yd24
pD24 ‘board’
odm22 oDm42
‘cow’ bhd00
bh=20 ‘mosquito’
mdM00 mDM20
‘to smile’ ydt02
pDt13 ‘to choose’
kd42 kD33
The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below.
544 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data
1950 data
Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Pitch
02 00 22 20 24 42 24
22 Example
m`02 m`00 m`22 m`20 ju`24 s`42 y`o24,
yCo24 j`o00,
jCo00 Gloss thick
field face
mother’s older
brother to cross
river to carry with
shoulder pole, small pig
basket to press
between, to catch
1990 data
Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch
value 24 42 52 31 35 33 35 34
5.16. Xingyi Bajie