Notes Minimal pairs Allophonic rules

2. Phonology of data points 201 Vowels Front Central Back unrd unrd unrd rd Close h, [h:] X L t Near-close [ H] [ T] Close-mid [ d] n, [n:] Mid =, [=:] Open-mid D B, B: Open `, `: Tones Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pitch value 35 24 35 31 34 or 44 53 45 24 34 55

2.10.2. Notes

• [ h:] only occurs 1 time and is not considered phonemic. • [ d] only occurs on four words. It is not in complimentary distribution with [D], but is considered in free variation with [ D] and not phonemic. • [o:] only occurs once and is not considered phonemic. • [ B:] only occurs twice. The length is fairly pronounced however, and is considered phonemic for this analysis. See minimal pairs . • [ =:] only occurs once and is not counted as phonemic. • [ G] only occurs four times and [F] occurs many times. They are not in complementary distribution. They are allophones in free variation. • [ Gv] occurs twice and Fv occurs once. There is not enough data to show whether or not they are in complimentary distribution. We analyze it as Fv, in free variation with [Gv]. • [ fhV] and [fi] both occur and [piV] and [pj] both occur. Palatalization is quite strong and is considered phonemic, except for [mj]. [mj] only occurs once and [mi][m H] only occur in C__ or C__C syllables. • [kuV] does not occur, so [kw] is considered phonemic. [ fuV] and [fw] both occur. Since the labialization is quite strong, [fv] is considered phonemic. • [ Mw] occurs once, but is in the second syllable of a word. The first syllable ends in [M] and assimilation has occurred. So [ Mw] is not considered part of the phonemic inventory. • [ Gw] occurs once and [G] is an allophone of F, so [Gv] is not considered part of the phonemic inventory. The [w] occurs before [ B] due to assimilation to the vowel. • [tsw] occurs only once, with definite labialization. However, we do not consider it phonemic, but as an exception. 202 2.10.3. Minimal pairs

2.10.3. Minimal pairs

[w] and [v] 164 ‘cotton’ [ u`:h13], 229 ‘to hang on sth.’ [v`:h24] [ts] and [t b] 45 ‘bowl’ [ sr`24], 55 ‘rice seedling’ [sr`13] [ `] and [`:] 190 ‘carrying on shoulder pole’ [ F`:m13], 451 ‘busy’ [F`m24] [ B] and [B:] 238 ‘to swell a leg’ [ FBj103], 148 ‘to vomit’ [YB:j31] 275 ‘to stand’ [ rBM24], 70 ‘sheep’ [iB:M13]

2.10.4. Allophonic rules

r → [ b]__V[+front] in frequently used words or in Chinese loan words → [s]elsewhere h → [ H]C__=[C+nasal or C+stop] This rule applies frequently, but not always. → [ h]elsewhere t → [ T]__C+stop with one exception → [u]elsewhere

2.10.5. Transcription of Longli Yangchang word list