514 4. Historical variation in Bouyei: Initials and tones
Tone 6 H CH, CS, DSSY, HF GD, HS, LL, LDLK, LDPQ, PTZB, LR AL, QL, SC,
ZNBL, ZNSTZ, ZYHH, ZYNH, M AS, M, MR DSNZ, HR DY, PTXL, LF XY, ZF
Tone 7 HR AL, AS, CH, CS, DSSY, DY, GD, HS, LL, LDLK, LDPQ, PTXL, PTZB, QL,
WM, XY, ZF, ZNBL, ZNSTZ, ZYHH, ZYNH, LR DSNZ, H SC Tone 8
M AL, AS, CH, DY, HS, LDLK, WM, LF CS, DSSY, LDPQ, PTZB, H DSNZ, XY, LR GD, LL, QL, ZNBL, ZNSTZ, ZYNH, HR PTXL =7 SC, HF ZF, L
ZYHH
Tone 9 = 7 AL, AS, CH, CS, DSNZ, DSSY, HS, LDPQ, PTZB, QL, SC, WM, ZF, ZNBL,
ZNSTZ, ZYHH, ZYNH, H DY, M GD, MR LL, LF LDLK, NA PTXL, L XY
Tone 10 = 8 AL, AS, CH, DSNZ, LDLK, PTXL, QL, SC, WM, ZF, ZNBL, ZNSTZ,
ZYNH, H DSSY, GD, LL, XY, M CS, ZYHH, MR DY, F HS, HF LDPQ, PTZB
The realizations of the tone categories can be summed up as follows:
•
Tone 1 is either low-rising or mid-even. A few places have high-rising.
•
Tone 2 is normally low-falling, though a few other places have various other contours.
•
Tone 3 is often mid-even, though sometimes high-rising or high-falling.
•
Tone 4 is normally high-falling, a few times low-falling, and twice high-rising.
•
Tone 5 is often high-rising, sometimes mid-rising, sometimes high-even.
•
Tone 6 has all varied contours, no main tendency.
•
Tone 7 is almost always high-rising.
•
Tone 8 is varied.
•
Tone 9 is normally merged with tone 7, though some places have various other contours.
•
Tone 10 is normally merged with tone 8, though some places have various other contours.
4.11.2. Tonal flip-flop
The following words exhibit tonal flip-flop. Place names noted in parenthesis are normally exceptions in Bouyei, being more like the tone of the Tai proto-form, rather than flip-flopped.
•
465 ‘right side’ tone 2
•
34 ‘lake’ tone 2
•
499 ‘to reach, arrive’ tone 2 PTXL is tone 1
•
152 ‘bitter’ tone 2
•
111 ‘ear’ tone 2
•
18 ‘late’ tone 2 or 4
•
285 ‘to ride’ tone 6 DSSY and PTXL have tone 5
•
159 ‘bean’ tone 6 PTXL has tone 5
•
135 ‘feces’ tone 4 XY has tone 1; ZNSTZ and ZYNH have tone 3
•
51 ‘rice’ tone 4 ZNSTZ and ZYNH have tone 3
•
320 ‘people’ people has tone 4 or 2 ZNSTZ and ZYNH have tone 3
•
143 ‘to bite’ tone 8 AL, LL, LDLK, QL, ZNSTZ, ZYHH, and ZYNH have tone 7
•
375 ‘ten’ tone 8 LDLK and ZYHH have tone 7
4. Historical variation in Bouyei: Initials and tones 515
•
52 ‘cooked’ tone 8 CH, LB, PTZB, QL, XY, ZNBL, ZYNH, tone 7 LDLK, LDPQ, ZYHH Most of the reflexes of these lexical items are tonally aligned with data previously collected from
Northern Tai lects—the tone is even when the proto-tone is odd. Note for three of these words PTXL retains the odd tone. ZNSTZ retains the odd proto-tone for five of the words and ZYNH for
four of the words.
4.11.3. Notes on tone categories
•
Stopped even tones 8 and 10 have often changed to odd tones. mkq- words do not follow this pattern. Places that tend to preserve the even stopped tones are
DY, LL, XY, and GD. Other places occasionally preserving the even tone are AL, SC, and LDLK.
•
fa__2 words often have changed to tone 4. Some f2, g2, and fc2 words have changed to tone 4 as well. For these words, CH, XY, ZNSTZ, and ZYNH tend to preserve the
odd tone.
•
The rest of the reflex tone categories largely follow the proto-tone categories.
516
5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data
5.0. Introduction
In this section we compare our data to that collected in the 1950s and published in BYDCBG. Of the 24 data points we surveyed, 20 matched data points surveyed in the 1950s. The data from
these 20 points, as compared with the data in BYDCBG, is discussed below. We compare our data with BYDCBG in order to track phonological and lexical changes in
Bouyei over the past 40 years, and to gauge the general accuracy of the 1950s data. This can only be done roughly, however, since the data in BYDCBG was not recorded on tape. It should be noted,
though, that our research bears out the general accuracy of the BYDCBG data, and we can only assume that it is correct.
5.1. Anlong Pingle
In comparing our 1990s data with the 1950s data, the following characteristics stand out. With regard to initials, some words transcribed with a [v] initial in the 1950s were recorded
with a [w] initial. For example:
English 1950 1990 English
1950 1990
‘seed’ uCm22
vm22 ‘flower’
u`22 v`22 ‘pants’
u`13 v`13
‘water buffalo’ u`:h20 v`:h20
Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p] or [Y], and
one had a [n] initial. The nucleus of several of these words also was different. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English
1950 1990
‘wind’ ytl20
pnl20 ‘afternoon meal’
yhM20 phM20
‘tongue’ yhm22
phm22 ‘water’
yCl42 p`l31
‘sit’ y`M00
m`M13 ‘to search’
y`22 p`22
Most words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ S] or [p].
Examples:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘navel’ rCh24
ph24 ‘paper’
r`22 S`22
‘garlic’ rnh13
Snh13 ‘sour’
rCl24 S`l24
