546 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data
1950 data
Tone 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8
Pitch 22 20 24 42
02 00 02, 24 20, 22
Example m`22 m`20 m`24 m`42
ju`02 s`00 y`o02, yCo24
j`o20, jCo22
Gloss thick field
face mother’s
older brother
to cross river
to carry with shoulder
pole, small pig basket
to press between,
to catch
1990 data
Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pitch value 33 52 25 35 24 41 24 44 23
or 22
31
5.17. Zhenfeng Mingu
Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p]. The
nucleus of several of these words also was different. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990
‘water’ yl42
pl31 ‘sand’
yd13 pD24
‘stone’ yhm22
phm13 ‘road’
ym22 pm13
‘ear’ yh00
phX20 ‘to vomit’
yt20 ptf20
‘to smile’ ydt22
ph`t13 ‘to know’
yn42 pn31
Most words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ S] or [b].
Examples:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘intestines’ rh44
Sh34 ‘garlic’
rt`h13 Sth22
‘paper’ r`22
S`13 ‘to weave’
r`m22 S`m13
‘to borrow’ rh13
bX13 ‘to wash hands’
rth13 SD13
Some words transcribed in the 1950s with no final stop were recorded in our data with a final stop [
f]. Examples:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘thunder’ oi`44
oi`f34 ‘mistfog’
k`o33ln44 k`o33lnf34
‘evening’ Gl20
Flf20 ‘dirt’
m`l20 m`lf20
‘weight scales’ bM20
r=Mf20 ‘to leak’
yn20 pnf20
‘two’ ¯h20
Mhf31 ‘bean’
stL20 st=f21
5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 547
The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data.
Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990
‘chopsticks’ sL20
sXf20 ‘wing’
eLs00 eLs21
‘feather’ oLm22
o=m23 ‘snake’
ML00 MX20
‘hand’ eLM00
etM20 ‘lungs’
oLs44 o=s34
‘to eat’ jLm22
j=m13 ‘bean’
stL20 st=f21
‘clothes’ oL20
oXf20 ‘fertilizer’
oLm20 o=mf30
‘salt’ juL22
jLX22 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘scissors’ sbdt00
sbt13 ‘to smile’
ydt22 pht23
‘sand’ yd13
pD24 ‘tooth’
idt44 gDt34
‘money’ bdm00
bDm20 ‘strength’
ydM00 pDM20
The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data is given below, as well as the pitch values from our data.
1950 data
Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Pitch
22 00 44 42 13 20 44
00 Example
m`22 m`00 m`44 m`42 ju`13 s`20 y`o44, yCo44 j`o00,
jCo00 Gloss thick
field face
mother’s older
brother to cross
river to carry with
shoulder pole, small pig basket
to press between,
to catch
1990 data
Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch
value 34 42 45 52 24 31 45 42
5.18. Zhenning Banle
With regard to initials, some words transcribed with palatalization in the 1950s were recorded without palatalization in our data. For example:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘tooth’ idt44
fD:t44 ‘hair’
oil22 o=m13
‘to warm by fire’ oiCt22
oCt22 ‘yellow’
idm44 GDm24
548 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data
Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p] or [Y], and
one had a [ F] initial. The nucleus of several of these words was also different. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990
‘road’ ym22
pm13 ‘building’
y`m00 FC:m20
‘dry field’ yh20
ph13 ‘bird’
ynj00 Ynj13
‘boat’ yt20
Yt20 ‘net’
yd22 pD22
A few words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ b] or [S].
Examples:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘to wash’ rth24
bth24 ‘few’
rht44 ShDt22
Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [ F] were recorded in our data with [G], [w], or [f]
initials. Examples:
English 1950 1990 English 1950
1990
‘sea’ F`h44
GC:h24 ‘rice’
FCt31 GC:t31
‘five’ F`44
GC24 ‘smelly’
FCt22 wt22
‘poor’ Fn24
fn24 ‘evening’
FCl02 GCl3
The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data.
Examples:
English 1950 1990
English 1950 1990
‘sky’ faLm22
fa=m22 ‘rain’
uLm22 uDm22
‘feather’ oLm22
o=m22 ‘snake’
ML20 ML=20
‘hand’ eLM20
enM30 ‘lungs’
oLs24 oXs44
‘to eat’ jLm22
j=m22 ‘fertilizer’
oLm02 o=mf13
[e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei:
English 1950 1990 English
1950 1990
‘mosquito’ mdM20
mDM31 ‘tooth’
idt44 fD:t44
‘scissors’ sbdt20
sbCt30 ‘money’
bdm20 bhDm20
‘3
rd
person singular’ sd22
sD22 ‘seven’
bds24 bCs24
‘eight’ ods24
oDs24 ‘yellow’
idm44 GDm24
‘to smile’ ydt22
pht22 ‘cow’
bhd20 bL20
The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below.
5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 549
1950 data
Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Pitch
22 20 44 31 24 02 24
02 Example
m`22 m`20 m`44 m`31 ju`24 s`02 y`o24, yCo24 j`o00,
jCo00 Gloss thick
field face
mother’s older
brother to cross
river
to carry with shoulder pole,
small pig basket
to press between,
to catch
1990 data
Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch
value 33 31 55 42 35 24 35 24
5.19. Zhenning Shitouzhai