Zhenfeng Mingu Zhenning Banle

546 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 22 20 24 42 02 00 02, 24 20, 22 Example m`22 m`20 m`24 m`42 ju`02 s`00 y`o02, yCo24 j`o20, jCo22 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pitch value 33 52 25 35 24 41 24 44 23 or 22 31

5.17. Zhenfeng Mingu

Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p]. The nucleus of several of these words also was different. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘water’ yl42 pl31 ‘sand’ yd13 pD24 ‘stone’ yhm22 phm13 ‘road’ ym22 pm13 ‘ear’ yh00 phX20 ‘to vomit’ yt20 ptf20 ‘to smile’ ydt22 ph`t13 ‘to know’ yn42 pn31 Most words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ S] or [b]. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘intestines’ rh44 Sh34 ‘garlic’ rt`h13 Sth22 ‘paper’ r`22 S`13 ‘to weave’ r`m22 S`m13 ‘to borrow’ rh13 bX13 ‘to wash hands’ rth13 SD13 Some words transcribed in the 1950s with no final stop were recorded in our data with a final stop [ f]. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘thunder’ oi`44 oi`f34 ‘mistfog’ k`o33ln44 k`o33lnf34 ‘evening’ Gl20 Flf20 ‘dirt’ m`l20 m`lf20 ‘weight scales’ bM20 r=Mf20 ‘to leak’ yn20 pnf20 ‘two’ ¯h20 Mhf31 ‘bean’ stL20 st=f21 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 547 The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘chopsticks’ sL20 sXf20 ‘wing’ eLs00 eLs21 ‘feather’ oLm22 o=m23 ‘snake’ ML00 MX20 ‘hand’ eLM00 etM20 ‘lungs’ oLs44 o=s34 ‘to eat’ jLm22 j=m13 ‘bean’ stL20 st=f21 ‘clothes’ oL20 oXf20 ‘fertilizer’ oLm20 o=mf30 ‘salt’ juL22 jLX22 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘scissors’ sbdt00 sbt13 ‘to smile’ ydt22 pht23 ‘sand’ yd13 pD24 ‘tooth’ idt44 gDt34 ‘money’ bdm00 bDm20 ‘strength’ ydM00 pDM20 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data is given below, as well as the pitch values from our data. 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 22 00 44 42 13 20 44 00 Example m`22 m`00 m`44 m`42 ju`13 s`20 y`o44, yCo44 j`o00, jCo00 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch value 34 42 45 52 24 31 45 42

5.18. Zhenning Banle

With regard to initials, some words transcribed with palatalization in the 1950s were recorded without palatalization in our data. For example: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘tooth’ idt44 fD:t44 ‘hair’ oil22 o=m13 ‘to warm by fire’ oiCt22 oCt22 ‘yellow’ idm44 GDm24 548 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p] or [Y], and one had a [ F] initial. The nucleus of several of these words was also different. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘road’ ym22 pm13 ‘building’ y`m00 FC:m20 ‘dry field’ yh20 ph13 ‘bird’ ynj00 Ynj13 ‘boat’ yt20 Yt20 ‘net’ yd22 pD22 A few words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] were recorded in our data with [ b] or [S]. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘to wash’ rth24 bth24 ‘few’ rht44 ShDt22 Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [ F] were recorded in our data with [G], [w], or [f] initials. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘sea’ F`h44 GC:h24 ‘rice’ FCt31 GC:t31 ‘five’ F`44 GC24 ‘smelly’ FCt22 wt22 ‘poor’ Fn24 fn24 ‘evening’ FCl02 GCl3 The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘sky’ faLm22 fa=m22 ‘rain’ uLm22 uDm22 ‘feather’ oLm22 o=m22 ‘snake’ ML20 ML=20 ‘hand’ eLM20 enM30 ‘lungs’ oLs24 oXs44 ‘to eat’ jLm22 j=m22 ‘fertilizer’ oLm02 o=mf13 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘mosquito’ mdM20 mDM31 ‘tooth’ idt44 fD:t44 ‘scissors’ sbdt20 sbCt30 ‘money’ bdm20 bhDm20 ‘3 rd person singular’ sd22 sD22 ‘seven’ bds24 bCs24 ‘eight’ ods24 oDs24 ‘yellow’ idm44 GDm24 ‘to smile’ ydt22 pht22 ‘cow’ bhd20 bL20 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below. 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 549 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 22 20 44 31 24 02 24 02 Example m`22 m`20 m`44 m`31 ju`24 s`02 y`o24, yCo24 j`o00, jCo00 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch value 33 31 55 42 35 24 35 24

5.19. Zhenning Shitouzhai