Qinglong Zitang Shuicheng Fa’er

5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 539 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 02 00 22 31 24 43 02, 24 44, 22 Example m`02 m`00 m`22 m`31 ju`24 s`00 y`o02, yCo24 j`o44, jCo22 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7, 9 8, 10 Pitch value 13 31 33 42 35 35 45

5.13. Qinglong Zitang

Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [h] were recorded in our data with [ w] and once with [ F] in the present data. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘evening’ gCl02 F`l13 ‘sea’ g`h44 wh30 ‘dry field’ gdh02 wDh13 ‘rice’ gCt31 w`t31 ‘to ask’ gCl13 w`l13 ‘morning’ gCs44 wCs24 ‘to open’ g`h22 w`h22 ‘to give’ gC44 g`13 The differences in the nucleus of the words transcribed in the 1950s and the same words recorded in our survey are at times fairly significant. [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘rainbow’ udh44 vDh22 ‘year’ odh22 oh22 ‘bean’ odh02 oh13 ‘dry field’ gdh02 wDh13 ‘feces’ fd31 fiD31 ‘towel gourd’ sbd22 sbhd=22 ‘fan’ odh00 o`h20 ‘green’ fadh13 faDh24 540 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data [u] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘day’ MtCm00 Mv`:m20 ‘bowl’ sth31 stDh31 ‘forest’ fctCM22 fcnM22 ‘bird’ itCj02 iBj13 ‘stinkbug’ its02 x=s13 ‘earthworm’ fctm22 fct=m22 ‘hand’ gtM00 wnM20 ‘belly’ stM31 snM31 ‘blood’ kts02 kt=s13 ‘to boil’ itM22 inM22 ‘to crawl’ itm00 It=m20 ‘to ride’ jth02 jvDh13 [i] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘tail’ ihM22 i=M20 ‘mosquito net’ iho44 iDo24 ‘scissors’ sbh`t00 sb`t20 ‘strength’ ih`M00 i`M30 ‘to sew’ ¯ho02 ¯Do13 ‘to hang’ uh`m22 uDm22 ‘to smile’ iht22 It22 ‘full’ ihl22 iHl22 ‘grass’ ¯h44 ¯X22 ‘few’ bht44 bDt34 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below. 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 22 00 44 31 13 02 44 02 Example m`22 m`00 m`44 m`31 ju`13 s`02 s`f44 y`o02 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to scoop to steal 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch value 33 31 45 41 24 23 45 23

5.14. Shuicheng Fa’er

Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ Y], and one had a [ f] initial. The nucleus of several of these words also was different. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘bird’ ytCj02 YBj24 ‘stinkbug’ yts02 Yt=s33 ‘to know’ yt11 ft31 ‘outside’ yt02 Yt13 ‘to leak’ yt02 Yt13 ‘bright’ yt`M02 YnM13 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 541 Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [ G] were recorded in our data with [F]. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘rice’ GCt11 Ft31 ‘chin’ G`M00 F`M20 ‘to bite’ GCo13 F`j13 ‘bitter’ GCl00 F`M20 Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [h] were recorded in our data with [ w]. There is also one occurrence each of [ F], [k], [f], and [f] initials. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘morning’ g`s44 ws24 ‘sea’ gd22 wD31 ‘goose’ g`m44 w`m33 ‘garlic’ gt33et22 kB31 ‘to mend’ gnM33 wnM22 ‘to go up’ g=m22 w=m30 ‘to float’ g=t00 Ft20 ‘to close’ gCo44 fj ‘poor’ gt22 et30 ‘to give’ gC22 g`30 [u] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘rain’ gtm33 v=m22 ‘mistfog’ lt44 lT=f22 ‘day’ MtCm00 Mv`m20 ‘table’ srt`M00 sbBM20 ‘sugar cane’ ft`h11 v`:h31 ‘tiger’ jt`j44 jnj33 ‘thorn’ ftCm33 v?mf33 ‘brain’ ftCj44 fBj33 ‘forest’ fctCM22 fcnM22 ‘bird’ ytCj02 YBj24 ‘to ride’ jth02 jvDh13 ‘drum’ jt`M33 jvnM22 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘year’ odh33 oDh22 ‘noon meal’ Md00 MD20 ‘afternoon meal’ ydM00 y=M20 ‘sea’ gd22 wD31 ‘two’ Mdh02 Mh13 ‘this’ mdh11 mDh31 ‘tired’ md44 mD33 ‘pretty’ rdt33 rt22 542 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data [i] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘dry field’ yh02 yDh13 ‘tree’ uCh11 uD31 ‘navel’ fch22 fc=M22 ‘oil’ iht00 it20 ‘scissors’ sbh`t00 sbtX20 ‘money’ bh`m00 sbDm20 ‘to hurt’ sbh`s44 sbDs33 ‘die’ s`h33 sD22 ‘yellow’ bh`m22 bDm30 ‘green’ bh`t33 bt22 ‘cold’ sbh`M11 sb`M30 ‘few’ bht22 bDt30 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below. 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 33 00 22 11 44 02 44 02 Example m`33 m`00 m`22 m`11 ju`44 s`02 y`o44, yCo44 j`o02, jCo02 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3, 4 5 6 7, 8, 9 Pitch value 44 33 or 31 41 55 24 44

5.15. Wangmo Fuxing