9 The other research was done by Sulistyaningrum 2013. In her thesis, she
categorized the idioms in
Yes Man
movie into English phrasal compounds, figures of speech, and slang based on Hockett‟s 1958 theory. She also analyzed the
translation strategy and the acceptability of the translation. Unlike Sulistyaningrum, the researcher categorizes the idioms based on
Fernando‟s 1996 theory. The categories are pure idioms, semi-idioms, and literal idioms. The researcher uses figures of speech to classify the types of semi-idioms.
The third research was from Adicahya 2015. He conducted research on categories of idioms and strategies for translating idioms in
Ice Age 3: Continental Drift
movie. He categorized the idioms based on Fernando‟s 1996 theory and
analyzed the strategies for translating idioms based on Baker‟s 1992 theory. The researcher works on the similar research. However, the researcher provides a more
detailed classification for semi-idioms and employed Baker ‟s 2011 theory.
The researcher discusses two main theories namely idioms and translation. The idioms part is explained in detail by providing two terms. They are types of
idioms and categories of idioms. In the translation part, there are four terms, namely the definition and process of translation, idiomatic translation, criteria of
good translation, and strategies for translating idioms.
1. Idioms
According to Jackson 1988, the essential feature of an idiom is its metaphorical or non-literal meaning. It is agreed by Wales 2011, who states that
“idioms are commonly metaphorical” p. 212. Therefore, idioms carry figurative
10 meaning. For example, the literal meaning of
red-handed
in the idiom
catch somebody red-handed
is somebody whose hands are red. However, in its non- literal meaning or figurative meaning,
catch somebody red-handed
means to catch somebody in the act of doing something or committing a crime. Fernando 1996
states that some idioms show invariance or only restricted variation, for example the idiom
kick the bucket
cannot be changed into
hit the bucket.
Some other idioms allow lexical variations. For example
blue,
which means connected with sex, can form idioms with the words
film
or
joke
or
comedian
. According to Newmark 1988, idioms are naturally used by native
speakers of languages. Therefore, speakers from different languages use different ways to express opinions and feelings with their idioms. The use of idioms can be
in the formal and informal situations, spoken and written form Leaney, 2005. O‟Dell and McCarthy 2010 emphasize that the use of many idioms is quite
informal. From those experts, it can be concluded that idioms are words or phrases
which carry metaphorical or non-literal meaning. Some idioms may show invariance or only restricted variation and others allow lexical variations.
a. Types of Idioms
According to Hockett 1958, there are six types of idioms. This research only uses figures of speech to classify the types of semi-idioms. According to
Wren and Martin 2000, a figure of speech is used to make a greater effect of an expression. Figures of speech can also be used to compare and associate things. In
