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quantity rather than small RD grant to achieve the significant results. These efforts can be realized by implementing conducively legal and institutional supports in conducting domestic RD.
6. Conclusion and policy implications
The modes of learning, RD intensity and economic prosperity in LRDCs viewed from varieties of indicators are as follows:
first,
simple learning by doing with very low RD intensity is maintained by the LRDCs in Indonesia to produce low end products by using low and medium technology LMT;
second
, RD intensity was the foundation of entering the global networks of production and innovation for the former developing countries Korea and Taiwan and followed by China, India;
third
, economic prosperity is related to infrastructure quality and intensity of innovation with RD;
fourth
, raising the intensity of innovation with RD require the improvement of infrastructure quality and the increase of
competent researcher in RD; and
fifth
, high economic prosperity with low RD intensity is uneven phenomenon in the world. High economic prosperity coincide with technology dependence society would
create instable and unhealthy economic growth in the long run. The Indonesian government should raise RD intensity by applying
science policy for industrial development
, those are: i. pushing growth through infrastructure development correspond to innovation with RD investment, ii. driving growth through industrial innovation with RD correspond to the
sufficiency of researcher in industrial RD, iii. implementing effective policy instruments to raise industrial expenditure on RD correspond to the increase of researcher in industrial RD, and iv. focusing
the limited RD financing on the country potency for industrial technology leader in the future or make some buy some strategy.
The leverage point to raise RD intensity in Indonesia is the availability of highly qualified researcher. Therefore, universities and RD institutions should: i. invest in sophisticated research
laboratories infrastructure followed by recruiting the highly competent researchers, ii. upgrade the quality and quantity of country’s higher education to produce graduates and post graduates, iii. utilize competitive
brain-gain by applying internationally comparative rewards to attract the returning of highly competent researcher from abroad, iv. implement conducively legal and institutional supports to maintain highly
competent researcher in industrial RD by, and v. manage new technology mastery by strong support to the priority field of sciences, where new materials and life science-based RD for industrial technology
development will be important for Indonesian competitiveness in the future.
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MODEL VALIDATION RESULTS SIMULATION VERSUS ACTUAL 1990-2012
TIME P
E R
C E
N T
rGDPs rGDPa
rCAPFs rCAPFa
rPRVCs rPRVCa
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 -40
-35 -30
-25 -20
-15 -10
-5 5
10 15
20
ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC AND RD ACTVITY INDICATORS IN INDONESIA 1990-2045
gov_exim_sh
1990 1995
2000 2005
2010 2015
2020 2025
2030 2035
2040 2045
Pop mill ion GDP_cp bil li on
GDP_rp bill ion rGDP
GDPpCap thousand GDPpCAPs US thousand
GDP_s US bil lion defl _p1993 =100
RD_exp bill ion Gov_RD bi ll ion
Prv_RD bil li on RDpGD P
GOVRD sh PRVRDsh
capf sh prvc_sh
gov_exim_sh rGOVRD
rPRVRD exch_r_avg rupi ahdoll ar
r_Pop
179 196
207 221
235 250
265 281
299 317
336 357
211193 467339
1357478 2659059
6498115 11747140
18725687 29512099
43525988 61432745
83400752 108249610 263662
396391 427574
551026 724700
979663 1241226
1592490 1958544
2361502 2806132
3266721 9,05
8,18 4,52
5,76 4,23
5,07 3,99
5,35 3,80
3,73 3,27
2,67 1177
2390 6559
12033 27621
47042 70646
104893 145745
193795 247862
303084 0,639
1,06 0,779
1,24 3,04
3,76 5,65
8,39 11,66
15,50 19,83
24,25 114,59
207,80 161,18
273,99 714,86
939,77 1.498,05
2.360,97 3.482,08
4.914,62 6.672,06
8.659,97 80,10
117,90 317,48
482,57 896,66
1.199,10 1.508,64
1.853,21 2.222,36
2.601,43 2.972,09
3.313,71 274,55
597,66 1.378,37
2.743,75 5.843,54
14.770,7 40.323,1
123.207 227.267
353.958 546.942
769.682 247,10
537,89 1.171,61
2.332,19 4.674,83
11.481,0 28.702,5
45.924,0 63.145,5
80.367,0 97.588,5
114.810 27,46
59,77 206,76
411,56 1.168,71
3.289,74 11.620,6
77.282,6 164.121
273.591 449.354
654.872 0,13
0,128 0,138
0,114 0,0915
0,111 0,217
0,418 0,523
0,577 0,656
0,711 90,00
90,00 85,00
85,00 80,00
77,73 71,18
37,27 27,78
22,71 17,84
14,92 10,00
10,00 15,00
15,00 20,00
22,27 28,82
62,73 72,22
77,29 82,16
85,08 26,37
28,49 20,89
24,73 23,84
26,06 25,78
24,78 22,30
20,55 18,96
17,64 58,82
58,97 64,37
61,42 60,25
56,60 59,11
59,60 61,53
62,67 63,67
64,67 14,81
12,55 14,74
13,85 15,91
17,34 15,10
15,62 16,17
16,78 17,36
17,69 15,01
9,27 16,05
11,33 5,71
13,94 12,00
7,50 5,45
4,29 3,53
3,00 27,15
9,27 17,15
11,33 33,44
34,60 4,88
23,59 15,36
8,70 8,27
6,55 1843
2249 8422
9705 9090
12500 12500
12500 12500
12500 12500
12500 2,00
1,20 1,40
1,30 1,20
1,20 1,20
1,20 1,20
1,20 1,20
1,20 Source: the sim ulation r esults of EGRI m ode l, 2015
Appendix 1
Notations: r GDPs: rate growth of GDP simulation
r GDPa: rate growth of GDP actual rCAPs : rate growth of capital formation simulation
rCAPa : rate growth of capital formation actual rPRVCs: rate growth private consumption simulation
rPRVCs: rate growth private consumption actual
Appendix 2
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BIOGRAPHY
Dwi Soetjipto, 59 years old, was born on 10 November 1955 and has been serving as the President Director CEO of PT Pertamina Persero based on the Decree of Minister of SOEs No.SK-
265MBU112014 dated 28 November 2014 until now. In addition to become the President Director CEO of Pertamina, Dwi Soetjipto is also a Commissioner of PT Bursa Efek Indonesia.
He is a graduate of Chemical Engineering from the Institute of Sepuluh November, Surabaya 1980, Master Management Program from University of Andalas 1999, and Doctorate Program
from University of Indonesia 2009. His career started in 1981 in PT Semen Padang and was once trusted to hold the position of RD Director at PT Semen Padang 1995-2003, President Director
of PT Semen Padang 2003-2005, President Director of PT Semen Gresik Persero Tbk 2005- 2013, and President Director of PT Semen Indonesia Persero Tbk 2013-2014.
Dr.Ir. Dwi Soetjipto, MM, PT. Pertamina, Indonesia Title of the Speech: RD and Innovation in Indonesian Oil
CompanyPT. Pertamina Persero
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Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional V, Tahun 2015
Dr. Michiko Iizuka, UNU Merit, the Netherlands Title of the Speech: Natural Resource-Based Activities and The Role of
Institutions In a Global Context E-mail: iizukamerit.unu.edu
BIOGRAPHY
MICHIKO IIZUKA, Research Fellow, UNU-MERIT, the Netherlands. Michiko Iizuka is a policy specialist in the field of development, innovation and sustainability. Since 2008, she
has been a research fellow at the United Nations University-MERIT. Before that, she worked as a researcher at International Development Center of Japan and as an environmental officer
at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean UN- ECLAC. She has also provided consultancy works for UNIDO, ECLAC, EU, JICA, DFID
and WWF-UK. She has a DPhil in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy from the Science Policy Research Unit SPRU and MPhil from the Institute of Development Studies
IDS, both at the University of Sussex.She also holds a Postgraduate diploma in Environmental Management from Imperial College, University of London. Her main areas of
interest are: 1 innovation systems in the context of developing countries; 2 the role of innovation policy in the development process; 3 the impact of global institutions such as
standards and global agreements on local capacity building; and 4 agriculture, natural resources and environmental policy.
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ABSTRACT Natural Resource-Based Activities and the Role of Institutions in a Global Context
Michiko Iizuka UNU-MERIT
Recently, many studies have claimed that natural resources NR are no longer considered a ‘curse’ but are increasingly being considered an opportunity for development, as long as the
institutions to sustainably manage NR are present. NR are essentially public goods. This means that government plays a critical role in shaping informal and formal rules
—institutions—to define ‘access’ and ‘ownership’ and enforce them effectively to ensure sustainability. The
circumstances surrounding NR-based activities nowadays have become increasingly complex due to the integration of NR into turbulent global markets, while productive activity hinges upon the
sustainability of local environmental conditions. Institutions
—rules that shape the behavior of stakeholders involved
—have great importance in the sustainability of NR-based activities. However, the process of institutional change in meeting various challenges, especially the ways
that rules are effectively created and enforced to achieve developmental goals in increasingly globalizing NR-based industries have not been systematically studied. This paper aims to do the
following: 1 understand the current discussion in relation to natural resources and their potential for development 2 clarify the importance and complex nature of institutions in developing
natural resources and 3 understand the process of institutional change. After going over the main points, this paper presents a case study of the salmon industry in Chile to illustrate the points
related to NR raised in the earlier sections. In the last section, the paper will draw generic conclusions in light of the current discussion on NR-based industry in developing countries.
Keywords: natural resources, institutions, sustainable development, salmon aquaculture,
Chile
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1. Introduction
