Biophysical Impact of Extreme Climate Events

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Chapter 4 IMPACT OF EXTREME CLIMATE

EVENTS

4.1 Biophysical Impact of Extreme Climate Events

Bandar Lampung has wet tropical climate influenced by monsoon winds Asian Monsoon. The average maximum temperature is 30.57 o C and the minimum temperature is 25.34 o C. The average maximum humidity is 89.3 and the minimum is 72.3. The average wind speen is 2.34 kmhour with average evaporation rate of 3.95 mmday. Rainfall varies from 67.2 mm in September to 277.8 mm in January with total rainfall of 2.257 - 2.454 mmyear and total rainy days of 76-166 daysyear. High rainfall 100 mmmonth happens for 7 months from November to May and dry season CH 100 mmmonth happens for 5 months from June to October Bandar Lampung Regional Development Planning Agency, 2009. Climate variations may occur due to the ENSOEl NinoLa Nina phenomenon, which is categorized as extreme climate events that happen every 3-6 years. Seasonally, high rainfalls in rainy seasons may cause flood, erosion, and landslides. Long dry seasons may cause drought. In the report Disaster Mitigation Study of Bandar Lampung 2008 Bandar Lampung Regional Development Planning Agency, 2009, disaster potential in Bandar Lampung has been reviewed. Those disasters are classified into main groups, namely: 1 natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land movements, tsunamis, hurricanes, and drought and 2 man-made disasters such as technology failures, forest and land fires, epidemics, plagues, and social unrest. Bandar Lampung as a city located between Lampung Gulf and foot of Mount Betung is a disaster-prone area in Lampung Province. The disaster-prone areas in Bandar Lampung are affected by geological and soil structures, geographic locations, landscape conditions, buildings and settlements density, ethnic diversities, hydrological conditions, and others Bandar Lampung Regional Development Planning Agency, 2009. Types of disaster-prone identified by Bandar Lampung Regional Development Planning Agency 2009 are flood-prone, high tide-prone, tsunami-prone, earthquake-prone and drought-prone. Based on the study, there are 42 flood-prone areas in Bandar Lampung. The flood is caused by overflowing of river, tremendous flood, rob, and local flood which is related to many aspects namely: low topography, backflow of tide during high water flow, narrowing and shallowing of drainage, and low capacity of drainage. From those various disasters, the ones that can be categorized as impact of extreme climate events are floods, droughts, landslides, and hurricanes, as well as other disasters such as abrasion, erosion and sedimentation. Disaster-prone location tabulation that has been reported in details is shown in Table 4.1. 46 Table 4.1 . Disaster Prone Locations in Kota Bandar Lampung No Disaster District Sub District 1 Flood Rajabasa Rajabasa Raya, Rajabasa Tanjung Senang Labuhan Dalam, Tanjung Senang, Way Kandis, Perumnas Way Kandis Telukbetung Utara Kupang Teba, Kupang Raya, Gunung Mas, Gulak Galik, Sumur Putri, Batu Putu Telukbetung Selatan Bumiwaras, Pesawahan, Pecoh Jaya, Kangkung, Sukaraja Telukbetung Barat Kuripan, Bakung, Perwata, Sukamaju, Kota Karang, Keteguhan, N. Olok Gading Panjang Karang Maritim, Way Gubak, Way Laga, Panjang Selatan, Pidada, Panjang Utara, Srengsem Kemiling Kemiling Permai, Beringin Raya Tanjungkarang Pusat Kaliawi, Gotong Royong, Pasir Gintung, Palapa, Kelapa Tiga, Penengahan, Tanjung Karang, Durianpayung Tanjungkarang Timur Campang Raya, Kedamaian Tanjungkarang Barat Segalamider, Sukajawa, Susunanbaru, Sukadanaham Kedaton Perum Way Halim Sukarame Sukarame Sukabumi T. Baru 2 Abrasion Panjang Serengsem Telukbetung Selatan Telukbetung Barat Sukamaju 3 Hurricanes Tanjung Senang Way Kandis Telukbetung Selatan Kedaton 4 Landslides Panjang Pidada Source: Strategic Plan document and the Regional Action Plan for Disaster Mitigation _ Bandar Lampung City, Year 2009- 2013 Based on the result of survey on disaster impact on life sectors, flood disasters give the greatest impact on the health sector, and then on drinking water sector, housing, fisheries, and public works the destruction of drainage facilities and other infrastructures. As for drought disaster, the sectors most affected by it are drinking water, health and agriculture. Drinking water shortage increases during long dry season 43 of the residents or during flood disaster 19 of the residents. Sources of drinking water are regional water companyPDAM 53 of the residents, ground water or wells 38 of the residents, surface waterriver water 8 of the residents and rainwater 1 of the residents. The number of illnesses increases during disasters, especially during flood 34 of the residents and dry season 22 of the residents.

4.2 General Impact of Extreme Climate Events