65 in coastal areas. Residents in coastal area that buy water are from Kangkung sub-
district. As many as 82.05 of the residents in this area buy water. It is the same in the two other areas, in Kota Karang the number is 67.86, while in South Panjang
the number is 62.50.
Reducing water consumption .
The first response when drought strikes is to reduce water consumption. In this situation residents automatically save water, especially for bathing and washing
activities. But there are not many residents who do this. There are only 8.66 in non-coastal areas and 8.27 in coastal areas of the total residents who perform the
reduction of water consumption. If seen from the proportion in each areasub-district, there are two areas in which its residents reduce water consumption more than
residents in other areas, namely Sukabumi Indah 27.59 of the total residents in Sukabumi Indah and South Panjang 27.50 of the total residents in South
Panjang.
Pumping water from the closest source
. For residents who do not buy water, water availability is obtained by pumping water
from nearby sources. In each area there is usually a well as a source of communal water. This adaptation is done mostly by residents in coastal areas. If seen in detail,
the percentage of residents pumping water from nearby sources in coastal areas is larger than in non-coastal areas. There are only 20 of the residents in Pasir Gintung
who pump water from nearby sources. This proportion is larger than other villages in coastal areas. Meanwhile, the proportion of residents in coastal areas is relatively
equal with a range of 22-30.7 of the total residents in each area. Thus, areas such as Pasir Gintung, Kangkung, Kota Karang and South Panjang, have water sources that
can be relied upon when drought strikes.
C. Income Strategy
There are three income strategies which are common in the community: 1 agriculture intensification and extensification; 2 double income pattern income
diversity; and 3 migration or permanent relocation. Based on survey and FGD results in observed sub-districts, it can be concluded that income strategies that are
done by the residents of observed villages in Bandar Lampung are agriculture intensification and double pattern income.
Agriculture intensification is conducted by the residents of Batu Putuk by diversifying crops. Usually in one lot of land, they plant various types of plantation
crops, so when a crop price falls, it can be helped selling other crops whose price is relatively more stable. In addition to plantation crops, they also make use of their
land to grow horticultural crops, such as vegetables and fruits. These horticultural crops have a shorter cycle than the plantation crops. This way, while waiting to
harvest the plantation crops, daily needs can be fulfilled from the harvest of vegetables and fruits. Sometimes plantation crops that is fruitful, fail to be harvested
due to the typhoon that causes the fruit to fall off. In such conditions, horticultural crops can help the difficult economic problems.
66 The second income strategy is double pattern income. This pattern is done in two
ways, first by income diversity, which is a combination of livelihoods, on farm and off farm owned by a person. Off farm activities are side jobs besides main jobs. The
second is by empowering members of the family, such as wives and children who have grown up. Double income pattern strategy is done in almost every observed
village, both in coastal and non-coastal areas. This strategy also applies both to residents having working in on-farm and off-farm sectors.
Summary of the magnitude of disaster impact and the efforts done by the residents to handle problems that may arise can be seen in Table 4.7 and Table 4.8. When
compared between flood and drought disasters, flood causes greater impact on the economy of the residents in Bandar Lampung.
Table 4.7 .. Disaster Impact Befalling on Residents of Observed Villages in Bandar
Lampung, 2009
Problem s
Panjang Selatan
Pasir Gintung
Kota Karang Batu Putuk Sukabumi
Indah Kangkung
Flo od
Drou ght
Flo od
Drou ght
Flo od
Drou ght
Flo od
Drou ght
Flo od
Drou ght
Flo od
Drou ght
Food 10
10 6
2 8,9
3,6 -
10 -
3,2 7,7
5,1 Drinkin
g Water 35
47,5 18
40 23,
2 39,3
- 32,5
12, 9
54,8 -
23,1 Houses
damage d
22, 5
5 48
2 8,9
- -
2,5 6,5
- 5,1
2,6 Asset
damage d
10 2,5
44 2
12, 5
- -
- 6,5
- 7,7
2,6 Reduced
employ ment
27, 5
10 4
4 12,
5 10,7
2,5 35
3,2 -
17, 9
15,4 Indebted
17, 5
12,5 18
6 19,
6 17,9
5 32,5
3,2 3,2
23, 1
23,1 Disease
42, 5
25 40
14 48,
2 25
- 7,5
22, 6
35,5 41
30,8 The
decline in
agricultu ral
producti on
livestoc k fish
22, 5
7,5 2
- 21,
4 10,7
5 40
- -
17, 9
7,7
Crime 7,5
5 -
- 3,6
7,1 -
- 6,5
3,2 5,1
5,1 Waste
17, 5
7,5 12
- 23,
2 5,4
- -
3,3 -
28, 2
28,2
Table 4.8 it is known that partially the impact of flood and drought in Bandar Lampung are relatively small. The size of the impact is obtained from residents
perception towards the size of disaster impact that they feel in various aspects of economy. In reality, disaster rarely happens in Bandar Lampung, it happens locally
with a relatively smaller scale than disater in other areas. But if the potential of extereme climate events increases in the future, the size of impact will also be larger.
67 Table 4.8
.. Summary of Residents Perception in Bandar Lampung Towards the Size of Disaster Impact and Handling Efforts Done
No Problems
Distribution Magnitude Handling Efforts
1 Disruption of the
main livelihood: lower income
16,73 residents said the main livelihood disruption during flood;
9,96 residents said the main livelihood disruption during drought
Looking for other livelihood alternatives,
debt
2 Number of
unemployed 11,3 residents said it was hard to find
another job during the flood disasters; 10,9 residents said it was hard to find
another job during the drought disasters
3 Food Scarcity
5,9 residents said there are food shortages occurred during the flood disaster;
5,5 residents said there are food shortages occurred during the drought disaster
Take potluck, ask for help, and debt
4 Prices for some
commodities When a flood occurs, the price of rice: rose
13.65 percent, fish: 28.86 per cent, crops: 24 percent;
When a drought occurs, the price of rice: rose 12,79 percent, fish: 13,71 per cent, crops:
26,73 percent Take potluck,
ask for help, and debt
5 Scarcity of drinking
water 19,1 residents said there is scarcity of
drinking water during floods; 43,4 residents said there is scarcity of
drinking water during drought Looking for other
sources, buying gallons of water, save water
consumption, taking water in mosque
6 Damaged Houses
16,4 residents said the house was damaged after flooding events;
post-event drought only 2 of the state were damaged house
Improve housing.
7 Damaged Assets
14,8 residents claimed were damaged post- flood assets;
post-event drought only 1.2 of residents claimed were damaged assets
Improved
8 Debt borrowing
money 15.2 of residents admitted into debt during
the flood disaster; 16 of residents admitted into debt during
the drought. mortgage goods
9 The emergence of
various diseases 34 of residents expressed a variety of
diseases arising during flood events; 22.3 of residents expressed a variety of
diseases arising during drought events Treatment and maintain
cleanliness
10 The decline in
agricultural production fish.
12.1 of residents complained about it at the time of the flood disaster;
10.9 of residents complaining about it at the time drought events
cultivated plants, diversification of crops,
look for another job debt
11 Evacuation refuge
9 of residents stated displaced during floods but not in the drought
12 Waste
14.1 of residents complained at the time of the flood disaster
6.6 of residents also complained about the same thing at the time of drought
cleaned and recycled
68
Chapter 5 VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY MAPPING
5.1 Methodology for Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity
Mapping
For defining capacity and vulnerability indices, we used 2005 socio-economic survey data by ‘kelurahan’ villages from National Bureau of Statistics BPS while for
some of biophysical data were obtained from related sector or generated based on satellite interpretation with GIS techniques Table 5.1. All the data were weighted
according to their relative importance in shaping vulnerability V and capacity C to adapt.
Table 5.1 . Indicators used for defining Vulnerability and Capacity and the
corresponding weights
A Capacity
Weights B
Vulnerability Weight
s A1
Electricity Facility 0.05 B1
Number of household living in River Bank
0.05 A2
Education of Working People Age
0.25 B2 Number of Building in River
Bank 0.05
A21 Nursery School
0.07 B3 Drinking Water Services
0.10 A22
Elementary School 0.13
B4 Population density 0.10
A23 Junior High School
0.20 B5 Poverty
0.20 A24
Senior High School 0.27
B6 Fraction of Coastal 0.10
A25 University
0.30 B7 Fraction of River
0.10 A3
Main Source of Income 0.30 B8 Drainage Facility
0.20 A4
Health facility 0.20 B9 Non-Green Open Area
0.10 A41
Puskesmas 0.20
A42 Polyclinic
0.30 A43
Posyandu 0.20
A44 Midwifes Clinic
0.10 A45
Med. Doctor Clinic 0.20
A5 Road Infrastructure
0.20
Note: In term of facility, Polyclinic is better than Puskesmas as it is managed and operated by Private company, but the cost of health services is much higher than the
government’s one Puskesmas. Data obtained from the Lampung Drinking Water State Company PDAM Office and divide by population. Data were
generated from Satellite and topographic map.
To measure relative position of Kelurahan in term of their vulnerability and capacity to adapt, we develop capacity CI and vulnerability indices VI. The Capacity
Index CI is developed using five main indicators A1, …, A5. Each indicator is
