Figure 2. Translation process by Bell
Dealing with the steps that must be done in the translation process, in order to make a good translation, the translator must understand more in each process of
translation not only in the final product. Thus, translation is not an easy process unless it is done carefully and correctly. Furthermore, it will produce a good
translation with the best meaning accuracy.
d. Theory of Meaning in Translation
The overriding principle is that translation is meaning-based rather than form-based. Once the translator has identified the meaning of the source text, his
goal is to express that same meaning in the receptor language with forms which may be very different from those of the source text Larson, 1984: ix.
Meaning is important thing in translation process. When a translator makes a translation, it means that the translator transfers meaning of source text.
What is necessary to consider is that the meaning must be maintained constantly or, in other words, when the change of form occurs, the meaning must be
maintained.
Memory Source
Language Text Analysis
Synthesis Target
Language Text Semantic
Representation
Halliday and Hasan 1985: 44 write that text has three kinds of meaning, namely ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. The
ideational meaning is the meaning in as the representation of experience. It is the meaning in the sense of content, i.e., meaning that people have in mind when they
talk about what word or sentence means. Ideational meaning is divided into logical and experiential meaning. Logical meaning relates to the relationship
between ideas. It refers to relationship between one process and another or one participant and another that share the same position in the text. The experiential
meaning relates to the content or ideas. It refers to the processes, the participants in these processes, and the circumstances associated with them. Interpersonal
meaning is related to the interpersonal aspect of communication, such as speaker – addressee relationship, their social status, age, as well as setting and purpose of
communication. Textual meaning is the putting of referential information into a coherent whole. It is relevance to the context, both the preceding text and context
of situation. It is the construct of a message of text. According to Cruse in Baker, 1992: 13, meaning in words and utterances
can be distinguished into four main types: propositional meaning, expressive meaning, presupposed meaning, and evoked meaning. The propositional meaning
of a word arises from the relationship between the word and what it refers to in a real or imaginary world. This is the basic meaning of a word given in simple
dictionaries. It can be judged as true or false. For example, “a table” means “a
piece of furniture that consists of a flat surface held above the floor, usually by legs”. Expressive meaning relates to the speaker’s feelings or attitude rather than
to what words and utterances refer to. It is propositional meaning which can be judged as true or false while expressive meaning cannot.
For example, “Quiet, please” versus “Shut your mouth”. The difference in the sentences does not lie
in the propositional meaning but in their expressiveness. Presupposed meaning arises from co-occurrence restrictions selectional and collocational restrictions
on what other words or expressions are expected to be seen before or after a particular lexical unit. Selectional restrictions, connected to the propositional
meaning of a word. For example, next to the adjective “furious” we expect a human subje
ct, and next to the verb “to feed” we expect an animal subject. Collocational restrictions do not depend on the propositional meaning of a word
but are linked to its usage in the various languages. For example, in English, teeth are
“brushed”, but in German and Italian they are “polished”, in Polish they are “washed”, and in Russian they are “cleaned”. Evoked meaning arises from dialect
and register variation. Dialect is a variety of a language which is used in a specific community group of people. Register is a variety of a language that a language
user considers as appropriate to a specific situation. For example, American people use “lift” while British people use “elevator”.
e. Equivalence in Translation
Meaning is closely related to the concept of equivalence or non- equivalence. Baker 1992: 5 divides equivalence into five types:
1 Equivalence can appear at word level when translating from one language into another. In a bottom-up approach to translation, equivalence at word level is
the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the source text, he or she looks at the words as
single units in order to find a direct „equivalent’ term in the target language. 2 Equivalence can appear above word level when translating from one language
into another. It explores the meaning of the combination of words and phrases. 3 Grammatical equivalence refers to the diversity of grammatical categories
across language. Grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose many problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the target
language. The different grammatical structures in the source language and target language may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or
message is carried across. The changes may induce the translator either to add or to subtract information in the target text because of the lack of particular
grammatical devices in the target language itself. 4 Textual equivalence refers to the equivalence between a source language text
and a target language text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the
comprehension and analysis of the source text which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the audience in a
specific context. 5 Pragmatic equivalence deals with implicatures and coherence during the
translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in
translation in order to get the source text message across. The role of the
