Formulation of the Problems Research Objectives

b. Types of Translation

Jakobson in On Linguistic Aspects of Translation in Bassnett, 2002: 23 distinguishes three types of translation: intralingual translation, interlingual translation, and intersemiotic translation. Intralingual translation, or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. In Textbook of Translation, Newmark 1988: 45 points out eight types of translation. 1 Word-for- word translation This type of translation can be used if the target text has the same language structure with the source text. Newmark 1988: 45 states “the main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre- translation process”. In addition, this is usually called as interlinear translation. Catford 1965: 21 puts word-for-word translation in the kind of translation which is based on ranks. 2 Literal translation It can be said that literal translation is the combination of the word-for- word translation to the free translation. It starts with the word-for-word translation but then changes in conformity following the target language grammar. Catford 1965: 21 also puts literal translation in the kind of translation which is based on ranks. 3 Faithful Translation This translation needs to be faithful to the source text or the original text. Newmark 1988: 46, states “a faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures; i t „transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical „abnormality’ deviation from SL norms in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text- realization of the SL writer.” Faithful translation is always closer to the original and it tends to emphasize on the source language. This is applied in order to present the source language culture. 4 Semantic translation This type of translation has a similarity with the faithful translation. It is about the bounded of the source language culture. According to Newmark 1988: 46, “ the distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100 fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original”. 5 Adaptation This type is mainly used for plays comedies and poetry in which the themes, characters and plots are usually preserved. The source language culture converted to the target language culture and the rewritten text. Adaptation is the „freest’ form of translation Newmark, 1988: 46.