Structural Strategies Translation Strategies

Separation of a sentence in the SL into two or more sentences in the TL, or unnification of two or more sentences in the SL into a sentence in the TL is included in this strategy too. The following example shows that the change of adjective position in the noun phrase and the change of plural form into singular form are obligatory for a translator. SL : Musical instruments can be divided into two basic groups. TL : Alat musik bisa dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar. In the example above, the position of adjective in the noun phrases “musical instruments” and “two basic groups” are changed. In English grammar, adjective is used to explain the noun and must be placed before the noun. In other words, the noun head is placed after the adjective or modifier. Conversely, in Indonesian grammar, generally the noun head is placed before the adjective or modifier. In the noun phrase “alat musik”, the noun “alat” is placed before the modifier “musik”. The explanation can be described as follows: musical instruments = alat musik two basic groups = dua kelompok besar Besides the change of the adjective position, there are also two change of plural form into singular form in the translation above. “Instruments” plural is translated into “alat” singular and “groups” plural into “kelompok” singular. Transposition is also applied when the sentence structure of the SL is does not exist in the sentence structure of the TL. This transposition is only applied on sentence. For example: SL : I find it more difficult to translate a poem than an article. TL : Bagi saya menerjemahkan puisi lebih sulit daripada menerjemahkan artikel. SL : It is a great mistake to keep silent about the matter. TL : Berdiam diri tentang masalah itu merupakan kesalahan besar. In English, a sentence may consist of two or more than two clauses but the message and meaning is still clear and obvious. In the contrary, in Bahasa Indonesia, a sentence will be unclear if the sentence consists of more than two clauses. For example: SL : Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles the tail of a fish is vertical and it has a single nostril on the top of its large, broad head. TL 1 : Beberapa spesies sangatlah besar dan paus biru, yang bisa mencapai panjang lebih dari 30 meter, adalah binatang terbesar yang pernah hidup di bumi. Sepintas ikan paus tampak mirip ikan biasa, namun bila dicermati terdapat perbedaan pokok pada struktur luarnya: ekornya terdiri dari sepasan g “sirip” lebar, pipih, dan mendatar ekor ikan tegak dan ia mempunyai satu lubang hidung di atas kepalanya yang besar dan lebar. TL 2 : Beberapa spesies sangatlah besar. Ikan paus biru, yang bisa mencapai panjang lebih dari 30 meter, adalah binatang terbesar yang pernah hidup di bumi. Sepintas ikan paus tampak mirip ikan biasa, namun bia dicermati terdapat perbedaan pokok pada struktur luarnya. Ekornya terdiri dari sepasang “sirip” lebar, pipih, dan mendatar sementara ekor ikan biasa tegak. Ikan paus mempunyai satu lubang hidung di atas kepalanya yang besar dan lebar. The example above shows that transposition of the adjective is applied but the transposition of sentence is not applied in the TL 1. Meanwhile, in the TL 2, the sentences of the SL are divided into two or more sentences in the TL. As a result, the message and meaning is delivered more clearly Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:68-70; translated.

b. Semantic Strategy

Sematic strategies are translation strategies which are applied or used with consideration of meaning. These strategies can be applied in word, phrase, clause, or even sentence. Semantic strategies are divided into nine kinds of strategies, those are: I. Borrowing Borrowing is a translation strategy that borrows or keeps the SL word into the TL. There are two basic reason of using this strategy. The first reason is to appreciate or shows value the SL word. The second reason is there is no equivalent word in the TL. Borrowing is divided into two kinds, transliteration and naturalization. Transliteration is a strategy which keeps the SL word in its original form, both in sound and spelling. For example, the word “mall” English is translated into mall Bahasa Indonesia. In Bahasa Indonesia mall is pronounced mol, it is similar in English in which it is pronounced mo:l. Naturalization is a translation strategy that adapts the sound and spelling of the SL into the TL. For example, the word “sandal” English is translated into sandal Bahasa Indonesia which pronounced as sandal. Naturalization is also known as adaptation, because this strategy adapts the sound and spelling of the SL into the TL Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:72; translated. II. Cultural Equivalent Cultural equivalent is applied by translating the SL cultural word into the TL cultural word which has the closest or similar meaning. This strategy cannot maintain the meaning accuracy because the culture of a language is definitely different from the other languages. Nevertheless, this strategy can produce a readable, acceptable, and understandable translation. For example: SL : Minggu depan Jaksa Agung Andi Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss. TL : Next week the Attorney General Andi Ghalib will visit Switzerland. In the example above, Jaksa Agung is translated into Attorney General in English, not Great Attoreney Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:72; translated. III. Descriptive Equivalent This strategy is applied when the cultural equivalent is not able to give the equivalent meaning and the SL word is much related to certain culture of the SL. This strategy is trying to describe the meaning and function of the SL word. One example is the word „samurai‟ in Japanese. It is not translated into aristocrat in English, but translated into a Japanese aristocrat from the eleventh to nineteenth century Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:73; translated. IV. Synonym Synonym is a translation strategy that is used when a TL word has the similar or nearly the same meaning in an SL word. One example is in the word “cute” in “What a cute baby you’ve got” which is translated into lucu in Indonesia. Hence, the sentence becomes “Alangkah lucunya bayi Anda” Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:73-74; translated. V. Formal Translation This strategy can be applied by using the formal translation that has been standardized in translating SL words. The standardized official translation of Bahasa Indonesia is compiled in “Pedoman Nama dan kata Asing” which is issued by Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Depdikbud R.I. For example, „read-only memory‟ is translated into „memori simpan tetap‟ in that book Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:74; translated.