was conducted after the implementation of the actions. The pre-test and the post- test were in the form of written tests. They were used to measure t
he students’ vocabulary mastery on the topics taught. The data of the pre-test and the post-test
were collected in the form of students’ score. The result of the post-test were
calculated and compared with the result of the pre-test. 4. Documenting Study
This technique provides data in the form of photographs. The photographs were collected by using a mobile camera as the instrument. They support the main
data of this study.
G. Data Analysis
Based on data collecting techniques and instruments above the qualitative data were obtained from observations and interviews with the teacher and
students. To analyze the data, the researcher started by doing reflection of the cycles of the study. This means that the data were analyzed continually since the
implementation of the action began. As this research was a collaborative action research, therefore, to avoid subjectivity, the researcher involved the research
members to find their perceptions, opinions and suggestions in analyzing the data. Based on the data above, that were in the forms of vignettes which
described the implementation of the action, and interview transcripts which described the student’s opinions and feelings and also other research member’s
opinion and ideas, all the research members held discussions about the process of each action.
The discussion was held democratically in order to find out which actions were successful, which ones were not successful, and what might cause them. The
reflection helped the researcher and her collaborator to re-plan the actions for the next cycle.
H. Validity and Reliability of the Data
The researcher applied triangulation to check whether the data are trustworthy or not. Silverman 1993: 156 in Burns 1999: 163 defines
“triangulation as comparing different kinds of data e.g. quantitative and qualitative and different methods e.g. observation and interviews to see whether
they corroborate one another.” In addition, Burns 1999: 163 states that “triangulation is one of the most commonly used and best known ways of
checking for validity. Then the aim of triangulation is to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied.”
Denzin 1978, cited in Burns 199: 164 stated “These could be valuable in
collaborative action research focusing on similar focus area ”. He also provided
four forms of triangulation. They are as follows. 1 Time triangulation data are collected at one point in time cross-sectionally or
over a period of time longitudinally to get a sense of what factors are involved in change processes.
2 Space triangulation data are collected across different subgroups of people, to avoid the limitations of studies conducted within one group.
