The discussion was held democratically in order to find out which actions were successful, which ones were not successful, and what might cause them. The
reflection helped the researcher and her collaborator to re-plan the actions for the next cycle.
H. Validity and Reliability of the Data
The researcher applied triangulation to check whether the data are trustworthy or not. Silverman 1993: 156 in Burns 1999: 163 defines
“triangulation as comparing different kinds of data e.g. quantitative and qualitative and different methods e.g. observation and interviews to see whether
they corroborate one another.” In addition, Burns 1999: 163 states that “triangulation is one of the most commonly used and best known ways of
checking for validity. Then the aim of triangulation is to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied.”
Denzin 1978, cited in Burns 199: 164 stated “These could be valuable in
collaborative action research focusing on similar focus area ”. He also provided
four forms of triangulation. They are as follows. 1 Time triangulation data are collected at one point in time cross-sectionally or
over a period of time longitudinally to get a sense of what factors are involved in change processes.
2 Space triangulation data are collected across different subgroups of people, to avoid the limitations of studies conducted within one group.
3 Investigator triangulation more than one observer in used in the same research setting. This helps observer bias and provides checks on the reliability of the
observations. 4 Theoretical triangulation data were analyzed from more than one perspective.
From the four forms of triangulation above, the researcher applied three of them. They were:
1 Time triangulation was used in which the data were collected at different points in time to identify the factors involved in the change processes.
2 Investigator triangulation was used in which the data were collected by more than one researcher in the same research setting. In this study, investigator
triangulation involved the English teacher as the collaborator. She was observed the teaching and learning process and helped me reflecting the
actions. 3 Theoritical triangulation was used in which the data were analyzed based on
the theory on Chapter II. The researcher also employed the five validity criteria proposed by
Anderson et al. 1994 in Burns, 1999 161-162. They are democratic validity, process validity, outcome validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
The democratic validity could be seen in every step of the research from the beginning. Together with the research members the researcher worked
collaboratively to find the problems which had been overcome and found the actions which had been implemented. In addition, all participants of this research
