4 Low frequency words. These are the words of moderate frequency that did not manage to get into the high frequency list. They make up over 5 of the
words in an academic text. According to Tarigan 1986: 3-
4 “There are seven classifications of basic vocabulary
”. Basic vocabulary deals with words which have possibility adopt from other languages. They are:
1 Kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, etc. 2 Parts of the body: hand, hair, nose, etc.
3 Pronouns: I, you, we, they, she, etc. 4 Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.
5 Verbs: walk, eat, drink, sleep, etc. 6 Adjective: sad, happy, angry, etc.
7 Universal matters: water, land, sun, moon, animals, etc. Furthermore, the National Reading Panel NICHD, 2000 identified four
types of vocabulary – listening vocabulary, speaking vocabulary, reading
vocabulary and writing vocabulary. Listening vocabulary is all the words people can recognize when listening to speech. This vocabulary is aided in size by
context and tone of voice. Speaking vocabulary is all the words people can use in speech. Due to spontaneous nature of the speaking vocabulary, words are often
misused. This misused though slight and unintentional – may be compensated by
facial expressions tone of voice, or hand gestures. Reading vocabulary is a list of words or vocabularies that people use when they are reading. And the last is
writing vocabulary, that is, all the words used by people to express their ideas in
written form. In another word, vocabularies are developed in each skill functions in different usage.
d. Roles of Vocabulary
Vocabulary has an important role in the language learning. As a linguist Wilkins in Thornbury
2002:13 stated that “without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed
”. Thus, vocabulary is the flesh of the language while grammar is the skeleton Jurnariati, 2010. It means
that learning vocabulary is very important. One should know a certain amount of vocabulary in order to be able to use the language productively. It is not only for
communicating orally, but also in written forms.
In addition, the national reading panel 2000 “The importance of vocabulary knowledge has long been recognized in the development of reading
skills. As early as 1924, researchers noted that growth in reading power rely on continuous growt
h in word knowledge”. It means that to master the language
skills someone needs to master the vocabulary first.
To show how important vocabulary is, Bromley 2004 stated that vocabulary holds some important roles in the teaching and learning process. They
are as follows: 1 Promoting fluency
Students who are understand many words read more quickly and easily
than those who are not. 2 Boosting comprehension
3 Improving achievement
Students with large vocabularies score higher an achievement test than
those with small vocabularies. 4 Enhancing thinking and communication
A large vocabulary allows for communicating in ways are precise,
powerful, persuasive, and interesting.
In conclusion, learners have to pay a greater attention to the vocabulary teaching because the knowledge of vocabulary is very important. The teacher
must have an effective and efficient method in order to make the goal of teaching of vocabulary successful. Someone will be able to improve achievement and
enhance communication if he she can master vocabulary well.
e. The Teaching of Vocabulary
Teaching vocabulary is not easy to do. Some people think that vocabulary teaching only wastes the time because vocabulary number is unlimited. The
English teacher had better teach English vocabulary first than other aspects of this language, such as grammar, speaking, reading and writing. Of students know
more about vocabulary, it will easy for them to learn another aspect of English language.
Teaching vocabulary is not easy. The teacher needs a good preparation before teaching vocabulary in the classroom. Depending on the teaching goal, a
teacher is required to have knowledge about what words to be taught. The teacher
may refer to the levels of vocabulary described by Beck et al. 2002 when deciding which words to teach.
1 Level I Words These are words that are used over and over in everyday speech. Since
they are used in a variety of context, virtually all students learn them. Level I words are sometimes referred to as conversational speech.
2 Level II Words These are likely to be learned only through reading or through instruction.
They have been referred to as the vocabulary of educated persons, as ‘academic
vocabulary’, and as ‘instructional vocabulary’.
3 Level III Words These are words associated with a particular field of study or profession.
These words make up the technical vocabulary or jargon of a field 4 Level IV Words
These are words that are interesting but so rare and esoteric. They are probably not useful even in most educational environments.
In line with Beck et al., Nation 2001 stated that there are some principles for teachers in the teaching of vocabulary.
1 High frequency words should be taught to the students because they are important enough to deserve time in class
2 Academic words should be taught to the learners with academic purpose.
