Domestication Foreignization and Domestication

ST: Seperti orang gila aku tinggalkan kamar, lari ke belakang, memerintah Marjuki menyiapkan Bendi. Anak Semua Bangsa p.7 TT: I didn‟t go on. I rushed outside and ordered Marjuki to prepare a buggy . Child of All Nations p.17 In the example above, the word bendi has been replaced with „a buggy‟, because there is no word which has the same meaning. Hence, the translator replaces the words in order to get the closest equivalent meaning. 2 Omission Baker in Judickaitė 2009: 18 describes that omission technique means deleting the element of source text. This technique is chosen to protect the readers from the ambiguity of words. For example: ST: Saban hari di paksa makan bubur Havermouth dan telur setengah matang. Anak Semua Bangsa p.36 TT: Everyday she must be forced to eat even porridge or and egg. Child of All Nations p.34 In the example above, the word Havermoth has been deleted because in the target text, there is no such porridge name like Havermoth. The translator considers to delete the unknown word to avoid the curiosity of the readers that want to know something they do not know. It will lead to the wrong interpretation. 3 Globalization Davies in Judickaitė 2009: 17 states that globalization is the technique of substituting specific words with the more general or universal word, for example: ST: Dua jam kemudian kapal meniupkan suling uapnya, berangkat. Anak Semua Bangsa p.100 TT: Two hours later, the ship blew its steam whistle and departed. Child of All Nations p.75 In the example above, suling is transferred into „whistle‟. Suling is too specific and it might not understandable for readers in the target language. This technique shows that general word is easier for the readers. 4 Translation by More Specific Words Judickaitė 2009: 15 explains that the technique translation by more specific word is the opposite of the globalization technique. This translation technique is switching words which have broad meaning into specific words that lead to specific things. The example is presented below. ST: Juga wastafel dan lemari bersih, tak nampak ada serangga. Anak Semua Bangsa p.37 TT: There were no cockroaches to be seen any where. Child of All Nations p.35 Based on the example above, the word serangga has a general meaning. Meanwhile, „cockroaches‟ only refer to one thing that is specific animal. The technique is employed, so the target text become understandable. 5 Creation Davies in Judickaitė 2009: 17 states that “recreation of a source language item”. The creativity of a translator in playing with the word is the key. It can be said that the term in the source text is absent in the target text. For example: ST: Aku terkena penyakit plesir. Anak Semua Bangsa p.445 TT: I have a disease of pleasure. Child of All Nations p.290 Penyakit plesir is an activity to gain pleasure. In English, it is translated into a „disease of pleasure‟. The example explains that the character uses a particular term to hyperbole hisher work and the spelling are close between plesir and pleasure. It could be like a misspelling of the word plesir into pleasure. 6 Equivalent Translation Vinay and Darbelnet in Judickaitė 2009: 19 states “Rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and str uctural methods”. It uses any words in the target text to convey the closest equivalent meaning with the source text without paying attention to the structure, stylistic, and method. For example: ST: Setengah jam kemudian opas yang dimaksud datang. Anak Semua Bangsa p.202 TT: Half an hour later the night attendant arrived. Child of All Nations p.140 The example shows that the CST opas is translated into its target language that equivalent, which is „the night attendant‟. 5. Culture-Specific Terms a. Notions of Culture-Specific Terms Florin calls culture-specific terms as realia in Harraka 2008: 15, “Realia from the Latin Realis are words and combinations of words denoting objects and concepts characteristic of the way of life, the culture, the social and historical development of one nation and alien to another. Since they express local andor historical color they have no exact eq uivalents in other languages.” Based on the explanation, it can be concluded that culture-specific terms are words that are combined with the particular specific culture characteristic in certain area. The words have no meaning in other areas or culture. According to Nedergaard-Larsen in Harraka, 2008: 5, culture-specific terms is the term of „culture-bound element‟. Nedergaard-Larsen states that the term „culture-bound element‟ refer to the non-linguistic sphere in order to differentiate phenomenon or events that exists in the source language culture. Culture-specific terms occur when the word from the source text does not exactly occurred in the target text.

b. Types of Culture-Specific Terms

There are many experts who divide the types of cultural terms, one of them is Newmark 1988: 76-99 in his book entitled A Textbook of Translation. He categorizes foreign cultural words into five divisions. The divisions are ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and habits. 1 Ecology Geographical characteristic such as plants, animals, plains, winds, and hills that are only exist in particular area and culture are included in ecology. The words Laut Jawa, lontar, and betung are ecological words that have different name in other cultures. 2 Material Culture Newmark 1988: 77 states that many kinds of food, clothes, houses, transport, and the like are sensitive terms because those words bring national culture and local wisdom. For example, the words tusuk konde, and beskap are traditional clothes in Indonesia and those have no equal meaning in other place. 3 Social Culture Newmark 1988: 77 discussed that social culture consists of activity of work and leisure such as sport and occupation and many more. The example in Bahasa Indonesia is the word kusir which is translated into „driver‟. 4 Social Organization Social organization contains formal terms in specific variety of requirements refer to customsactivitiesorganization that is associated to political, institutional, administrative, religious, artistic, and historical terms Newmark, 1988: 99. For example, the word wudhu which is translated into „ritually wash themselves‟. 5 Gesture and Habit Based on Newmark 1988: 99 the last category is gesture and habit. Gesture and habit can be defined as cultural behaviors and gesture of local people which have particular characteristic and those are systematically followed by the people nearby with specific purpose to achieve something. The example is in Javanese when someone gives a thumb- up, it means „please or to ask or to invite or allowing guests to come politely‟, meanwhile, in western culture it means „I need a ride‟.

6. Literary Translation

Literary translation is a transferring meaning activity that plays on the understanding among the multilingual and multicultural of the literary works to develop the consciousness of these cultures in order to reach the highest point of compromise. A literary translation must reflect the imaginative, intellectual and