Foreignization Foreignization and Domestication

1 Preservation Letting the words from the source text to be placed in the target text exactly the same in written expression is called preservation technique. The words are usually marked with the Italic style. Davies in Judickaitė 2009: 16 adds that this technique can be applied if „an entity in the source text has no close equivalent in the target culture‟. The following is the example, ST: Seseorang telah membacakan salinan surat Raden Adjeng Kartini. Anak Semua Bangsa p.139 TT: Someone read out one of Raden Adjeng Kartini‟s letters. Child of All Nations p.101 The translator does not change the word because it has no word in target text that represents the word in source text. Therefore, it is better to keep the source text. 2 Addition Notes and Glosses According to Newmark 1988: 92, addition is giving more information about words that left untranslated. Generally, those are cultural words distinction between cultures, technical words has a bound with the topic or linguistic words explaining wayward of use of words. Newmark also adds some methods in the form of notes and glosses; a notes at the bottom of page, b notes at the end of chapter, and c notes or glossary at the end of book. The readers have to take more time to understand the foreign words that have been translated using this technique because the readers have to look for the foreign words at the bottom of the page, at the end of the chapter, or at the glossary at the end of the book. Those are the minus of this technique. The example is in the texts below. ST: “Ndoro priyayi pabrik?” tiba-tiba ia bertanya dengan Jawa Kromo Anak Semua Bangsa p.236 TT: “Is Ndoro a priyayi from the mill?” he suddenly asking in high Javanese. Child of All Nations p.162 Glossary : Ndoro : an honoric used by a lower-class person when speaking to someone in the feudal class or a similar status. Child of All Nations p.351 There is an additional information to explain more about the specific words in the source text. The word usually is not familiar; thus, the note can be recognized by the readers. 3 Naturalization According to Newmark 1988: 82, naturalization means adapting the words from source text to the target text based on the adaptation of the grammatical and phonological rules of the source and target text. Hence, the words are actually known in the target text, but it could be more inclusive than the source text for the readers. For example: ST: Bahkan anak-anak kecilpun ikut menyatakan simpatinya dengan menggunakan katapil dan bandul. Anak Semua Bangsa p.28 TT: Even some little children showed their sympathy with capatults and small slings. Child of All Nations p.30 Both of the words above have the similar spelling, but different letters. It is often found in some case of some words. The letter katapil has been changed „catapults‟. It is added some letters because it will be easier to pronounce for the target text readers. 4 Literal Translation Rendering the names of companies, official institutions, and technical gadgetry are not easy to be translated. Literal translation could solve the problem in translating the proper names. Literal translation is a technique that translates by word-for-word and nothing is added or subtracted, Vinay and Darbelnet in Judickaitė 2009: 19. For example: ST: Satu-satunya perintah sebulan: perkeras pengawasan atau pembikinan spiritus dan minuman keras. Anak Semua Bangsa p.190 TT: His only order during the whole first month was: tighten the supervision over the manufacture of sprits and hard drink. Child of All Nations p.133 The example above shows a brief word-for-word translation. However, it is good to be applied in this case, since it matches each other and do not change the meaning.

b. Domestication

Domestication techniques can be divided into several categories. These are the techniques of domestication. 1 Cultural Equivalent Cultural equivalent is a technique that replaces cultural components in the source text with the cultural component which has equal meaning in the target language Newmark, 1988: 82-83. Therefore, after it is replaced, the target readers recognize the words because it is already adapted to their cultural term, for example: ST: Seperti orang gila aku tinggalkan kamar, lari ke belakang, memerintah Marjuki menyiapkan Bendi. Anak Semua Bangsa p.7 TT: I didn‟t go on. I rushed outside and ordered Marjuki to prepare a buggy . Child of All Nations p.17 In the example above, the word bendi has been replaced with „a buggy‟, because there is no word which has the same meaning. Hence, the translator replaces the words in order to get the closest equivalent meaning. 2 Omission Baker in Judickaitė 2009: 18 describes that omission technique means deleting the element of source text. This technique is chosen to protect the readers from the ambiguity of words. For example: ST: Saban hari di paksa makan bubur Havermouth dan telur setengah matang. Anak Semua Bangsa p.36 TT: Everyday she must be forced to eat even porridge or and egg. Child of All Nations p.34 In the example above, the word Havermoth has been deleted because in the target text, there is no such porridge name like Havermoth. The translator considers to delete the unknown word to avoid the curiosity of the readers that want to know something they do not know. It will lead to the wrong interpretation. 3 Globalization Davies in Judickaitė 2009: 17 states that globalization is the technique of substituting specific words with the more general or universal word, for example: