Description of Translation Techniques Used to Represent Foreignization

Table 3. The Occurrence of Translation Techniques Found in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and Their Translated Expression in Pamela Allen‟s Saman Foreignization Translation Technique Frequency Percentage Preservation 23 14.65 Addition 12 7.64 Naturalization 2 1.27 Literal Translation 15 9.55 Total of Foreignization Translation Techniques 52 33.12 Domestication Cultural Equivalent 48 30.57 Omission 6 3.82 Globalization 29 18.47 Translation by More Specific Word 9 5.74 Creation Equivalent Translation 13 8.28 Total of Domestication Translation Techniques 105 66.88 Total 157 100 The foreignizing technique that often appears is preservation. It is applied 23 times or it has 14.65 in percentage. The second is literal translation having 15 times occurrence of culture-specific terms or having 9.55 as a percentage. It is followed by the addition which occurs 12 times or 7.65. The last one is naturalization which only appears twice or it is only 1.27 in percentage. The table above shows complete data of foreignization and domestication techniques which are established and used by the researcher. Foreignization occurs 52 times out of 157 data or 33.12 in percentage. Meanwhile, domestication appears 105 times from all of the 157 data or appears 66.88. In the domestication technique, the highest rank is culture equivalent with 48 times occurrence or 30.57 in percentage. It is followed by globalization with 18.47 data occurs 29 times in the texts. Then, the third is equivalent translation 13 data which is followed by translation by more specific word with 9 data, and the last with the smallest data is omission with only 6 data are found in the novel. Since the domestication technique dominates the data which is more than a-half of all the data, it means that the translator applies the domestication more than foreignization technique to bring the readers close to their own culture. The translator only adds some of the terms that belong to another language, culture, or literature. Table 4. The Translation Techniques Combine with Foreignization and Domestication Techniques in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and Their Translated Expressions in Pamela Allen‟s Saman Culture-Specific Terms Translation Technique Ecology Material Culture Social Culture Social Organization Gesture and Habit Total Fore igni za ti on Preservation 7 8 4 4 23 Addition 2 2 1 7 12 Naturalization 2 2 Literal Translation 1 7 6 1 15 D om es ti ca ti on Cultural Equivalent 14 15 8 10 1 48 Omission 1 1 3 1 6 Globalization 8 12 1 8 29 Translation by More Specific Words 5 3 1 9 Creation Equivalent Translation 2 1 5 5 13 Total 34 53 29 39 2 157 The table above presents the number of culture-specific terms in the translation techniques foreignization and domestication. The Culture-specific term categories called ecology has 34 data which mostly employ cultural equivalence 14 data, globalization 8 data, and preservation 7 data. The second culture-specific terms category is material culture. Then, it can be inferred that material culture is the highest number of culture-specific terms found in the novel with 53 data of all the 157 data. The technique of translation that most reachable to be applied with material culture in the novel are cultural equivalent 15 data and globalization 12 data. Cultural equivalent is the most used technique of all technique categories in material culture. Material Culture is applied almost in all the translation technique provided, except creation which is not found in the novel. Although the number of each category is not same, the gap number between each technique is not significant. Social culture category has 29 data. The highest technique used in this culture-specific terms category is equivalent translation which has 8 data. The second highest is literal translation with 6 data. It can be seen in the table that this category is not translated using naturalization, omission, translation by more specific words or creation. All of those techniques absent in the novel and the translator does not use those technique to translate the texts. Social organization is noted as the second rank of all categories after material culture with 39 data. The cultural equivalent technique still contributes as the highest technique used in the translation text with 10 data, followed by globalization 8 data, and then addition with 7 data. The last one and smallest number of all is gesture and habit category. It only appears two times in the novel. The technique used here are cultural equivalent and omission with just one data in each category. Overall, culture equivalent is the most used technique in the translation process. The technique that belongs to domestication considered as the best technique used by the translator. This technique is used 49 times, almost one-third of all the data. It is followed by globalization 30 times which also belongs to domestication technique. On the other hand, the most technique of foreignization that used is preservation with 23 data, followed by literal translation in the second place with 15 data.

B. Discussion

1. The Culture-Specific Terms in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and Their Translated

Expressions in Pamela Allen‟s Saman There are five categories of culture-specific terms found in the novel based on the finding section above. The categories are ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and habit. More than one third of the findings belongs to material culture. The deeper discussion about each category of culture-specific terms are presented as follows.

a. Ecology

In this research, the researcher considers that 34 ecological terms belong to culture-specific terms from all the 157 data. Based on Newmark 1988, p.95, geographical characteristic such as plants, animals, plains, winds, and hills that are only exist in particular area and culture are included in ecology. Meanwhile, according to Cambridge Dictionary Online, ecology is the relationship between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc, usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of this. For example: ST: Hiburan menegangkan lain adalah lutung dan siamang yang mendadak turun dari pepohonan Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.46. TT: The other sources of entertainment were the lutung, the long-tailed monkeys , and the gibbons, that would suddenly leap from the tree. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.43 Some of culture-specific terms are categorized as ecology, such as lutung which is the translated text of lutung is added with several information to explain more about lutung in the target text. According to KBBI Online, Lutung is kera hitam berekor panjang. It is one of the rare monkey species which only exist in Indonesia, therefore this term belongs to a local animal ecologically from tropical country, especially Indonesia. There is no word in English can describe this animal. The equivalent meaning in this translation is absent in the target text. Since animals is one of the part that included in the Newmark theories in his book A Textbook of Translation 1998, p,95 about culture-specific terms, lutung can be classified as ecology. The others example of ecology is presented below. ST: Ia telah memutuskan meringankan penderitaan si gadis dengan membangun sangkar yang lebih sehat dan menyenangkan, seperti membikin kurungan besar bagi perkutut dan cucakrawa ayahnya sebab melepaskan mereka hamper sama dengan membunuh mereka. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.76 TT: He had decided to ease Upi‟s suffering by building her a more pleasant and more sanitary cage, just as he had built a big cage for his father‟s turtledove and bulbuls, because releasing them was tantamount to killing them. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.72