Foreignization Translation Techniques that Signify Foreignization and Domestication of

source text to be placed in the target text exactly the same is called preservation technique. Several data of preservation are presented below ST: Kong Tek – begitu dia dulu menyebut orang Cina yang membuka warung dekat rumahnya. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.60 TT: Kong Tek - as he used to call the Chinese man who‟d owned a warung near their home. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.57 In this case, the word in the source and target text is exactly the same. The translator copies the word because she cannot find the word that has the closest equivalent meaning in the target text. The word warung in Indonesia means a place for selling food, drink, and the like in retail and it is usually a small place owned by individual or a family. Sometimes, it is only a side job. In English, there is no word which can define the description above in simple. Since the word has been preserved, the meaning is brought fully into the target language. The following example is one of the data about the preservation technique. ST: Kali kedua ia kesana, pada hari libur nyepi, ia bertemu dengan si suami. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.61 TT: He met her husband the second time he went there, on the nyepi holiday. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.58 Nyepi is a big day for Hindus people to celebrate the new years of Syaka. In this research, the translator can change the word nyepi into „silent‟ because it almost has the same meaning, but the translator choses to keep the original word. The words „silent‟ cannot cover the meaning of nyepi itself. Nyepi is the kind of annual ceremony which involves any element of local people there, beside the culture-specific terms word is sensitive to be translated, especially when the word has relation with religion. The last example of the preservation technique is shown below. ST: “Mak” sapa rogam pada wanita itu. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.70 TT: “Mak” Rogam greeted the woman. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.68 The culture-specific term „Mak‟ is preserved by the translator. This word is a cultural address terms for a mom or for an older woman in Bahasa Indonesia which belongs to social culture technique. Since it brings the culture of Minangkabau. Mak or mamak means the nickname for a woman which is considered similar with mom or mother. It has broad meaning, the word mak also can be applied to woman which has the same age or has the same role in their life. Therefore, the concept of mother and mak are different, therefore the translator put the original word. Those language concepts are different, so, it can be concluded that the meaning is only carried partly. 2 Addition In this research, 12 culture-specific terms have given additional information. It keeps the original words from the source text, but it is added by the information about the word. This technique has several ways in adding information. They are notes at the bottom of page, notes at the end of chapter, and notes or glossary at the end of book. The following sentences are the examples of addition. ST: Pak Sarbini, bekas kepala Bimas untuk desa kini menjadi penjual dan tengkulak. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.60 TT: Sarbini, who used to be in charge of Bimas, the government credit scheme, was now a business man and middle man. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.57 Any word related to government policy or agency mostly included in culture-specific terms. From the datum above, the word Bimas is followed by the words that are used to explain it. Bimas is an acronym for bimbingan masal. The purpose of Bimas is to make Indonesian people able to do self-supporting for food. In 1967-1973, Bimas has been developed to take care of more things. At first, it is only purposed to guide a farmer, but now the government want to make the purpose is broader. Bimas now not only applied for guided farmers who can use the credits in agriculture but also for farmers who do not require credit facilities. It is called Intensifikasi Massal INMAS. The translator has to give the simple explanation. The translator concluded that Bimas is all about credit. Therefore, the translator added the „government credit scheme‟ after the word „Bimas‟. In the target text expression, Bimas has a simple explanation after the word itself, but the meaning is not carried fully to the target text. Another datum of addition technique is presented as follow. ST: Mereka berkerumun disekitar liang yang kelam, menyorongkan cahaya ke bawah membuat bayang-bayang jatuh ke sebelah atas lekuk bibir, hidung dan ceruk mata sehingga meraka Nampak seperti barong-barong yang berpesta mengelilingi unggun. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.68 TT: They gathered around the dark hole, facing their lights downward, and the shadows the cash on the hollow of their cheek, and their noses and their eye socket gave them the appearance of Balinese barong dancers having a party around camp fire. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.64 The word barong-barong is translated into „Balinese barong dancers‟. Barong-barong itself is a name of a dance in Indonesia. According to KBBI Online, barong is seni pertunjukan rakyat yang berupa tiruan binatang buas singa dsb yang digerak-gerakkan oleh orang yang berada di dalamnya. The word „dancers‟ in the target text managed to explain what the barong-barong do. Since the target readers are not only from Indonesia, the translator gives additional information dancers to generate the barong-barong itself. In this case, the additional information above does not change the meaning because implicitly barong-barong is a dance that is done by the dancer. The datum below is another example of addition technique taken from the novel. ST: Aku menyebutnya memedi terowongan sebab suaranya begitu menakutkan dan menjalar-jalar dalam lorong yang hitam diantara akar-akar bangunan. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.143 TT: I would call it the metro, memedi terowongan, the shrieking ghost of tunnel, because of the terrifying noise it makes as it weaves it way through the dark passage among the roots of the building. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.139 The culture-specific term memedi terowongan is given an additional information after the words. Memedi Javanese language is makhluk halus; hantu and terowongan is jalan yg dibuat dengan cara menembus gunung bukit atau yang berada di bawah permukaan tanah atau air yang kedua ujungnya berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar. Memedi terowongan refers to specific story about someone who had a tragic accident in a terowongan. After midnight, the spirit haunts anyone who passes near that place with a scary voice. In the additional information, this explanation is simplified to „the shrieking ghost of tunnel‟. Hence, there is an additional information about a particular word and this technique is called as addition technique. Comparing the source and target text in term of meaning are quite understandable and it does not lead to different perception among the readers. 3 Naturalization Naturalization means adapting the words from the source text to the target text based on the adaptation of the grammatical and phonological rules of the source and target text. This novel only contains two cultural terms that have been translated using naturalization. The examples are showed below. ST: Ia rebah pada dipan di teras belakang, lalu ia menatap pepohonan yang semakin jauh semakin rapat. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.49 TT: She threw herself onto divan on the back terrace and looked at the trees which got denser and denser as they receded into the distance. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.46 Dipan has been naturalized to be „divan‟. The phonology of those two words are similar. In English, the „p‟ letter usually pronounced „v‟ since it is more uncomplicated for English native speaker. According to Cambridge Dictionary Online, divan is a sofa with no back or arms. On the other hand, in Indonesia, it is also a long bench with no arm, but the material is different. In Indonesia, divan is made from bamboo or wood with four legs with plank between each leg, and nothing above it. Meanwhile, „divan‟ a sofa with a place for putting hand in right and left side. Therefore, the word dipan and its translated word „divan‟ are included in naturalization technique and the meaning of those words are closely related. Dipan and „divan‟ here refer to the same thing, but the shape and the material are different. Therefore, if the researcher looks deeper in the terms of meaning equivalent, partial meaning equivalent is the matched answer. The example below is another example for the naturalization technique. ST: Diruhnya seoranganak untuk menutupi mayat lelaki tadi dengan sarung yang dibuka jahitanya. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.102 TT: He told one of the boys to cover the dead man body with a sarong. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.98 The datum above also applies the phonological adaptation. The letter „u‟ is changed into „o‟ in English since English native speaker more similar with „o‟ le tter rather than „u‟. „Sarong‟ is a long piece of thin cloth which is worn by wrapping it around the waist Cambridge Dictionary Online. It is worn to cover the bottom part of the body and has the same meaning in Indonesian point of view too. The use of phonological adaptation in this case is reliable for the readers. The translator has done well because it has delivered the meaning. 4 Literal Translation This technique is the second largest of all the techniques used in foreignization. In the novel, 15 culture-specific terms data have been translated using this technique. Literal translation is a technique that translates by word-for- word and nothing is added or subtracted. There are the examples. ST: Jika didekati, kelopak di ruas-ruasnya adalah sebuah dunia lain dimana semut and kutu putih berteduh dari matahari dan air hujan tropin Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.48. TT: When you get close to them, it became apparent that the sheath on the knuckles of the bamboo was another world where ants and white lice lived, sheltered from the sun and the tropical rain. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.45 Kutu putih is a harmful animal that attacks agriculture plantation. This animal has a white colour covered all its body. The animals attack all part of the plant. It takes the water from the plant and then the plant begins to have a small shape or like has burning trace on its leaves. This harmful animal lived in South- east Asia that has a large and warm farming area. In this novel, the translator translated kutu putih into „white lice‟, for sure there is no animal like this in target text culture. The translator decides to translate it literally, word-for-word, which is called literal translation. It belongs to foreignization technique. The meaning of the words is different because this culture-specific term does not exist there. It can be seen that the words in the target text are a bit different. Another example is showed below. ST: Dikeratnya juga sepasang mata dan sebuah mulut disekitar hidung limas situ, mencoba meniru patung kayu Sigalegale yang gagah yang fotonya ada dalam potongan majalah, sedang ditarikan di muka rumah adat Toba . Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.80 TT: He also carved a pair of eyes and mouth around the triangle-nose, doing his best to copy the handsome wooden Sigalegale carving in the photo in front of him, the statue that adorned traditional Batak houses . Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.77 In this case, the culture-specific terms rumah adat Toba is transferred into „traditional Batak house‟. The words „Toba‟ is transferred into „Batak‟. „Toba‟ is the name of a traditional house location which actually still belongs to Batak race. In English, it will be amusing because the conception between two languages are different. That is why the translator does that to equalize the perception. This technique is also included in the literal translation. The comparison of the meaning between the source and target text are shifted even though the translator intends to make it understandable. The following is an example of literal translation technique. ST: Di sekeliling kompleks itu terbentang bukit-bukit yangditinggali raksasa: buta cakil, buta rambut gheni, buta ijo, buta terong, buta wortel, buta lobak dan buta-buta galak. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.123 TT: All around the compound were hills inhabited by giants: the ogre with the protruding jaw, the ogre with the flaming hair, the green ogre, the eggplant-nose ogre, the carrot-nose ogre, the radish-nose ogre, Ferocious ogres. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.119 According to KBBI Online, buta Javanese language is raksasa. Raksasa is makhluk yg menyerupai manusia, konon berbadan tinggi besar. Ijo Javanese language is a green color. Meanwhile in English, ogre is a large frightening character in childrens stories who eats children Cambridge Dictionary Online. When the words buta ijo are transferred into „the green ogre‟, it is acceptable since they are closely related. Again, the words are translated word-for-word. This technique is called literal translation. The translator uses this technique because it is the most possible way to break the gap between the languages. The meaning here is not shifted.

b. Domestication

In this research, domesticating translation technique has several classifications. Six domestication technique taken from Judickaitė are applied here. The classifications are culture equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific words, creation, and equivalent translation. One of the classifications from domestication is not used by the translator; the technique is creation. Based on the data, there is no culture-specific terms translated using this technique. 1 Cultural Equivalent Replacing cultural component in the source text with the cultural component which has equal meaning in the target language is common in translating culture-specific term because there is no word which has the closest meaning equivalent yet has different equivalent in the culture. This technique is considered as the most used of all the technique which occurs 49 times or almost one-third of all the data. For example: ST: Keduanya datang setelah rumah produksi kecil yang mereka kelola - CV, bukan PT. Ayu Utami ‟s Saman p.8 TT: They run a small production company -or a partnership more accurately. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.8 In Bahasa Indonesia Perseroan Terbatas PT Dutch: Naamloze Vennootschap is suatu badan hukum untuk menjalankan usaha yang memiliki modal terdiri dari saham-saham, yang pemiliknya memiliki bagian sebanyak saham yang dimilikinya. Meanwhile, in English, „partnership‟ is the state of being a partner. Both words have different meaning, but the translator tries to look for the core of its meaning. Therefore, translator looks for the words that represent „PT‟ in the target text, even though the meaning cannot be carried fully. Considering the cultural word in the target text in order to keep the equivalence meaning of the culture with the source text is called as domestication in terms of cultural equivalent. Another example of culture equivalent is presented below.