Table 2 presents the findings of the culture- specific terms in Ayu Utami‟s
Saman and their translated expression in Pamela Allen‟s Saman. From all of the
data in the table, the total of the findings are 157 culture-specific terms. The highest appearing frequency in the novel is material culture. Those are 53 of 157
data or 33.76; it means almost one-third of all the data that found in the novel. It is followed by social organization which has 39 occurrences of appearance in the
novel or 24.84 of all data. It can be concluded that those two categories are dominating the data with more than 55 in the percentage of all data compared
with the others categories. The third highest occurrence of culture-specific terms categories is
ecology category. This category occurs 34 times in the novel or it has 21.66 in the percentage. The fourth is social culture which has 29 data or having 18.47 as
the percentage. The last one which also has the smallest number of data is gesture and habit. This category has only 2 data out of 157 data or it is only 1.27 in the
proportion. This result shows that Ayu Utami‟s novel entitled Saman contains a lot of
culture-specific terms which become the main issues here. Taking place in the authoritative regime of Soeharto, this novel reveals unsuspected phenomenon at
that time that is rich in local wisdom from many varieties of people which have different cultures in Indonesia. The 157 culture-specific terms which are found in
the novel means that the translator cannot push the meaning of the original language fully because those 157 data comprehend some strong cultures from
Indonesia itself.
2. Description of Translation Techniques Used to Represent Foreignization
and Domestication of Culture- Specific Terms in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and
Their Translated Expression in Pamela Allen‟s Saman
In this research, the translation techniques are based on Ligita Judickaitė‟s variety of foreignization and domestication. Preservation, addition, naturalization,
and literal translation are included in the foreignization technique which has four categories. On the other hand, domestication technique is divided into six
categories; they are cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific word, creation, and equivalent translation. Those techniques are the
techniques that can be used in analyzing culture-specific terms because foreignization and domestication are one of the possible technique to be applied in
gaining the equal expression meaning in the terms of cultural words that are typically hard to be transferred.
Table 3 below presents the findings of translation techniques, foreignization and domestic
ation, which are found in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and their translation expressions in Pamela Allen‟s Saman.
Table 3. The Occurrence of Translation Techniques Found in Ayu Utami‟s
Saman and Their Translated Expression in Pamela Allen‟s Saman
Foreignization
Translation Technique Frequency Percentage
Preservation 23
14.65 Addition
12 7.64
Naturalization 2
1.27 Literal Translation
15 9.55
Total of Foreignization Translation Techniques
52 33.12
Domestication Cultural Equivalent
48 30.57
Omission 6
3.82 Globalization
29 18.47
Translation by More Specific Word 9
5.74 Creation
Equivalent Translation 13
8.28 Total of Domestication Translation
Techniques 105
66.88 Total
157 100
The foreignizing technique that often appears is preservation. It is applied 23 times or it has 14.65 in percentage. The second is literal translation having
15 times occurrence of culture-specific terms or having 9.55 as a percentage. It is followed by the addition which occurs 12 times or 7.65. The last one is
naturalization which only appears twice or it is only 1.27 in percentage. The table above shows complete data of foreignization and domestication
techniques which are established and used by the researcher. Foreignization occurs 52 times out of 157 data or 33.12 in percentage. Meanwhile,
domestication appears 105 times from all of the 157 data or appears 66.88. In the domestication technique, the highest rank is culture equivalent with 48 times
occurrence or 30.57 in percentage. It is followed by globalization with 18.47 data occurs 29 times in the texts. Then, the third is equivalent translation 13 data
