a. Analysis
The first step in the translation process is an analysis. The translator has to bring up every detail in each of the language and understand the differences
between the source and the target text language. The translator needs to understand every specific element about culture in both languages. Without
understanding the culture of both languages, the process cannot be carried on. This is significant because it will minimize the mistake when the text is translated.
The culture-specific terms are essential for the translator in mastering both cultures of the source and target text language. It can help the translator in
understanding the message from the source text language into the target text language correctly.
b. Transfer
After doing analysis process, the source text is transferred to the target language. The translator has to look every detail from the words, phrases, clauses,
and sentences that contain culture-specific terms. The translator transfers the message from language A source language text into language B receptor
language text. c.
Restructuring Restructuring is the last process. Focusing on the structure of the
sentences from the previous process is the key, then checking the translation quality should be employed to make sure whether the translation result is
acceptable or not for the reader in the target text.
4. Foreignization and Domestication
Foreignization is signifying “the difference of the foreign text, yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target language” Venutti,
1995: 20. Placing foreign word to present the foreign culture-specific terms which have no equal equivalence is the reason why this technique emerged. The
derivate technique from dominant discourse is used to show the foreign culture in target language.
On the other hand, the opposite of foreignization is a domestication technique. Domesticating technique is “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign
text to target language cultural values, bringing the author back home” Venutti, 1995: 20. Based on explanation above, replacing culture-specific terms that is
brought by the source language into the target language cultures can be done as long as the terms have closest equivalent meaning as a sign form the text that has
been domesticated. The reader does not have to think much because it is presented in local culture rules.
The notion of foreignization and domestication that cover many translation techniques can be considered as foreignization and domestication
categories. In this model, the techniques for rendering culture-specific terms into a target language are arranged on what might be called Venutian scale, ranging
from the most foreignizing to the most domesticating Judickaitė, 2009: 2.
a. Foreignization
Based on several researchers, foreignization technique consists of numerous varieties. These are the techniques of foreignization.
1 Preservation Letting the words from the source text to be placed in the target text
exactly the same in written expression is called preservation technique. The words are usually marked with the Italic style. Davies in
Judickaitė 2009: 16 adds that this technique can be applied if „an entity in the source text has no close
equivalent in the target culture‟. The following is the example,
ST: Seseorang telah membacakan salinan surat Raden Adjeng Kartini.
Anak Semua Bangsa p.139
TT: Someone read out one of Raden Adjeng
Kartini‟s letters. Child of All Nations p.101
The translator does not change the word because it has no word in target text that represents the word in source text. Therefore, it is better to keep the
source text. 2 Addition Notes and Glosses
According to Newmark 1988: 92, addition is giving more information about words that left untranslated. Generally, those are cultural words distinction
between cultures, technical words has a bound with the topic or linguistic words explaining wayward of use of words. Newmark also adds some methods
in the form of notes and glosses; a notes at the bottom of page, b notes at the end of chapter, and c notes or glossary at the end of book.
The readers have to take more time to understand the foreign words that have been translated using this technique because the readers have to look for the
foreign words at the bottom of the page, at the end of the chapter, or at the glossary at the end of the book. Those are the minus of this technique. The
example is in the texts below.
