Ecology The Culture-Specific Terms in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and Their Translated

according to Cambridge Dictionary Online, ecology is the relationship between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc, usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of this. For example: ST: Hiburan menegangkan lain adalah lutung dan siamang yang mendadak turun dari pepohonan Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.46. TT: The other sources of entertainment were the lutung, the long-tailed monkeys , and the gibbons, that would suddenly leap from the tree. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.43 Some of culture-specific terms are categorized as ecology, such as lutung which is the translated text of lutung is added with several information to explain more about lutung in the target text. According to KBBI Online, Lutung is kera hitam berekor panjang. It is one of the rare monkey species which only exist in Indonesia, therefore this term belongs to a local animal ecologically from tropical country, especially Indonesia. There is no word in English can describe this animal. The equivalent meaning in this translation is absent in the target text. Since animals is one of the part that included in the Newmark theories in his book A Textbook of Translation 1998, p,95 about culture-specific terms, lutung can be classified as ecology. The others example of ecology is presented below. ST: Ia telah memutuskan meringankan penderitaan si gadis dengan membangun sangkar yang lebih sehat dan menyenangkan, seperti membikin kurungan besar bagi perkutut dan cucakrawa ayahnya sebab melepaskan mereka hamper sama dengan membunuh mereka. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.76 TT: He had decided to ease Upi‟s suffering by building her a more pleasant and more sanitary cage, just as he had built a big cage for his father‟s turtledove and bulbuls, because releasing them was tantamount to killing them. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.72 In this novel, the category of ecology is found. Based on the text above, the word cucakrowo has been translated into „bulbuls‟ in the target language. Cucakrowo is an Indonesian local bird that has a red beak and has a beautiful sound. This bird only lives at area around equator line, and mostly in the South- East Asia. Most of the local people in Indonesia admire its sound, therefore it has high value. On the other hand, according to Meriam Webster Dictionary Online, „bulbuls‟ is a songbird frequently mentioned in Persian poetry that is probably a nightingale. Based on the definition in each language, those can be seen that each term refers to different animal, one is in Indonesia and another one is in Persia. Hence, the equivalent of those words is different. Since the word has no equal meaning in the target text, the translator chooses to put „Bulbuls‟ because it is the closest bird that look like cucakrowo. Therefore, cucakrowo is included in culture-specific terms category, it is specifically ecology. Another example is presented as follow. ST: Satu kilo lateks tak selalu cukup untuk membeli satu kilo beras. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.79 TT: Sometimes a kilo of latex didn‟t bring in enough to buy a kilo of rice. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.76 Based on Cambridge Dictionary Online , „rice‟ is the small seeds of a particular type of grass, which are cooked and eaten as food. The word „rice‟ in English has broad meaning, but it has the opposite meaning in Bahasa Indonesia. In English, it aims to several things, such as the harvested paddy when it is just taken from the tree, the harvested paddy before it is cooked, and also aims to the cooked harvested paddy. However, in source text, the word beras has different role in presenting the meaning. It means the harvested paddy which is still raw or uncooked and it is already peeled. It is only partial equal meaning, because the source text is more specific than the target text. This can be seen from the definition of both words. Therefore, beras is included as culture-specific terms that belongs to ecology terms “plants” since this terms only exist in Indonesia and there is no kind of plant like paddy that grow there due to the weather. Plant is a living thing which grows in earth, in water or on other plants, and usually has a stem, leaves, roots and flowers and produces seeds Cambridge Dictionary Online and plant is grouped in ecology Newmark, 1988, p.76

b. Material Culture

Newmark 1988, p.77 states that many kinds of food, clothes, houses, transport, and the like are sensitive terms because those words bring national culture and local wisdom. Those are included in material culture. In this research, 49 terms are defined as the data. Several data of material culture are explained below. ST: Lelaki itu berasal dari Muntilan dan beragama dengan ketat, agak berbeda dari sang ibu, yang meskipun ke gereja pada hari minggu, juga merawat keris dan barang-barang kuno dengan khidmad. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.46 TT: He was from Muntilan and was dev outly religious, unlike Wis‟ mother who, although she went to church on Sunday, also revered keris and other sacred heirlooms. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.42 In this case, the culture-specific terms of keris is copied from the source text, therefore the word has exactly the same in the source and target language. Based on KBBI Online, keris is senjata tajam bersarung, berujung tajam, dan bermata dua bilahnya ada yang lurus, ada yang berlekuk-lekuk. It is one of the traditional weapons which is originally from Indonesia. It is the symbol of greatness in Indonesian kingdom at the past. Most of the kings that have ruled in Indonesia have this weapon and this weapon is always brought anywhere they go. Some people believe that this weapon also has magical power which make the owner stronger and dignified. Nowadays, In Java for more specific, keris is still used until now in Javanese wedding ceremony as a part of the clothes which is worn by man on the back with jasmine hanging on it. People still believe all of the spirit will affect the bride. In the translated culture-specific terms, the meaning is transferred fully because the translator has foreignized the original word. Since it only exists in Indonesia, the word keris is classified into material culture. The researcher provides another example of material culture taken from the data in the following. ST: “Lihat Upi Sangkar emasmu sebentar lagi jadi. Minggu depan kubikinkan juga amben dan meja makan,” katanya dengan bangga. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.78 TT: “Look, Upi Your golden cage will soon be finished. Next week I‟ll make you a sleeping platform and dining table,” he said proudly. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.75 In this research, the word amben Javanese language is a place for sitting or lying down which is made from wood or bamboo. It can be applied for several purposes such as lying down, sitting, or sleeping. This thing is used starting from Hindus-Buddhism era. Amben already exists as an old traditional bed before the modern bed is developed. Thus, amben is still produced by the society till now to conserve the ancestor culture, but sometimes it reflects the owner wealth; there is an unwritten rule that if someone has an amben, it means that she is poor. However, this rule is still applied in village or in remote area which belongs to specific area that does not want to be touched by modernism. It has a big function