Previous Studies Theoretical Review

cartoon Over the Hedge shows that such features as informal vocabulary, idioms and interjections are either neutralized or lost in the Lithuanian subtitles. The second relevant study is a thesis by Heiditya Maharani 2014 entitled Foreignization and Domestication of Culture-Specific Terms in Sophie Kinsella‟s and Siska Yuanita‟s I‟ve Got Your Number Bilingual Translational texts. The aims of the study are to describe the categories of the foreignization and domestication and also the degree of meaning equivalence in the translation of culture- specific terms in Sophie Kinsella‟s and Siska Yuanita‟s I‟ve Got Your Number. Maharani used the strategies of foreignization and domestication based on the research by Judickaitė. The results of this study are the social category appearing the most 134 out of 212 or 63.21. It is followed by 110 out of 210 foreignized culture-specific terms 52.39, 91 out of 210 domesticated culture- specific terms 42.38 and 10 out of 210 culture-specific terms are translated using mixed strategies of foreignizing and domesticating translation strategies 5.23. It can be said that the culture- specific terms in Sophie Kinsella‟s and Siska Yuanita‟s I‟ve Got Your Number bilingual translational texts are mostly foreignized and it also means that the translator uses both foreignizing and domesticating translation techniques. The researcher takes those two previous studies as the example of this thesis. The similar topic is conducted by the researcher since it is unavoidable to have some similar resources and references. However, it does not mean that this and the previous studies are similar in all aspect. The previous studies used movie as the data but in this thesis the researcher apply the theories in the novel. Overall, the contribution of those two previous studies are tremendous to the analyzing culture-specific terms and foreignization and domestication techniques.

B. Conceptual Framework

The focus of the research is to find out the categories of culture-specific terms in the translation of the culture-specific terms and to identify the use of foreignization and domestication techniques in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and their translated expressions in Pamela Allen‟s Saman. The classification of the culture- specific terms is taken from Newmark Newmark, 1988 76-99. The culture- specific terms have five categories; ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and habit. To describe foreignization and domestication techniques, the researcher uses the theory of foreignization and domestication taken from Judickaitė, 2009, who classifies foreignization into four ways. Those are preservation, addition, naturalization, and literal translation. On the other hand, domestication has six ways. Those are cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific word, creation, and equivalent translation. In order to analyze the role of the culture-specific terms in supporting the whole story, the researcher tries to look for the connection between the culture- specific terms and the intrinsic elements of the novel. Since the culture-specific terms are strong in this novel, those can affect the intrinsic elements in the story. 23 Figure 2. Analytical Construct Multilingual Translation Intralingual Translation Intersemiotics Translation Translation Domestication Foreignization and Domestication Foreignization Literal Translation Naturalization Addition Preservation Equivalent Translation Translation By More Specific Words Globalization Omission Cultural Equivalent Categories of Culture-Specific Terms Ecology Material Culture Social Culture Gesture and Habit Social Organization Source Language Ayu Utami‟s Saman Translation Techniques Culture-Specific Terms Target Language Pamela Allen‟s Saman Translated Expression of Culture-Specific Terms Translation Interlingual Translation Bilingual Translation Literary Translation