Domestication Translation Techniques that Signify Foreignization and Domestication of

1 Cultural Equivalent Replacing cultural component in the source text with the cultural component which has equal meaning in the target language is common in translating culture-specific term because there is no word which has the closest meaning equivalent yet has different equivalent in the culture. This technique is considered as the most used of all the technique which occurs 49 times or almost one-third of all the data. For example: ST: Keduanya datang setelah rumah produksi kecil yang mereka kelola - CV, bukan PT. Ayu Utami ‟s Saman p.8 TT: They run a small production company -or a partnership more accurately. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.8 In Bahasa Indonesia Perseroan Terbatas PT Dutch: Naamloze Vennootschap is suatu badan hukum untuk menjalankan usaha yang memiliki modal terdiri dari saham-saham, yang pemiliknya memiliki bagian sebanyak saham yang dimilikinya. Meanwhile, in English, „partnership‟ is the state of being a partner. Both words have different meaning, but the translator tries to look for the core of its meaning. Therefore, translator looks for the words that represent „PT‟ in the target text, even though the meaning cannot be carried fully. Considering the cultural word in the target text in order to keep the equivalence meaning of the culture with the source text is called as domestication in terms of cultural equivalent. Another example of culture equivalent is presented below. ST: Ia masih kerabat jauh bapak, dari keluarga miskin dan tak terpelajar, yang sebagian saudaranya menjadi jongos atau buruh tani. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.50 TT: She was a distant relative of father‟s, from a poor uneducated family, some of whom worked as a servants or agricultural worker. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.47 The word jongos is translated into „servant‟. Based on KBBI Online, jongos is pembantu rumah tangga laki-laki; pelayan; bujang. This is a specific name of a profession which has requirements. Jongos must be a young man or a boy and unmarried. Meanwhile, according to Cambridge Dictionary Online, servant is a person who is employed in a house especially in the past, doing jobs such as cooking and cleaning. Based on the definition of the words in each language, this term has different meaning since in English there are no requirements like in the Indonesian language. It can be seen that jongos has to be boy and single, but in English side, it has no requirement at all. The dictionary just put „person‟ that means anyone can be fit in this job. The translator puts the closest equal meaning depending on the culture of each country. Then, this technique is called cultural equivalent, even though the meaning is not fully transferred. The following technique is one of the examples of cultural equivalent taken from the findings. ST: Dibangsal yang bau karetnya menusuk, sekitar enam puluh pria dan sepuluh wanita tua bersila atau bersimpuh membentuk lingkaran seputardua petromaks yang menggumam. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.123 TT: They sat cross-legged in a circle around two humming kerosene lamps , about sixty men and ten elderly women, the acrid smell of rubber in the air. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.119 At this point, culture-specific term above is regarded as a difficult word to be translated. For instance, in this case, petromaks is lampu yg menggunakan kaus sebagai sumbu, dinyalakan dengan batuan nyala spiritus, bahan bakar yang berupa minyak tanah disemburkan ke sumbu kaus oleh udara yang dipompakan KBBI Online. The material for the wick in the lamp itself is special. This lamp uses the mix of air pressure and kerosene to create a bright light. Meanwhile, „kerosene lamp‟ is a lamp with a wick and the kerosene as fuel, without any water pressure or special material for the wick. Nowadays, in the target text culture, there is no equivalent thing with petromaks, but there is also another lamp with the same fuel, kerosene lamp, therefore the translator considers to use the word „kerosene lamp‟ to keep the equality and understandable of readers in the target text, even though the meaning is shifted away. 2 Omission In this research, only six of 157 data are categorized as omission. This is the smallest number out of all domestications techniques. Omission itself is a technique of deleting the element of the source text to avoid the readers from the ambiguity of words. The examples of this technique can be seen below. ST: Keduanya datang setelah rumah produksi kecil yang mereka kelola - CV , bukan PT. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.8 TT: They run a small production company-or a partnership more accurately. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.8 The culture-specific terms CV is deleted in the target text. In Bahasa Indonesia, CV is suatu bentuk badan usaha bisnis yang didirikan dan dimiliki oleh dua orang atau lebih untuk mencapai tujuan bersama dengan tingkat keterlibatan yang berbeda-beda di antara anggotanya. Persekutuan Komanditer in Dutch: commanditaire vennootschap atau CV adalah suatu persekutuan yang didirikan oleh dua orang atau lebih. In Indonesia, CV has developed to give an umbrella for entrepreneurs. This term only exists in Indonesia which is made by the Dutch in colonialism era. Therefore, to avoid the big cultural gap between the source and target text, the translator decides to delete the word. When the words are deleted, it will affect the overall meaning in the target text. It becomes far more general than the source text sentence. The next is still one of the example of the omission taken from the findings. ST: Wanita yang mriyayeni itu akhirnya datang dengan kotak rias besar dan mengusir kami. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.157 TT: She finally arrived with her big make-up box and shod us away. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.152 In this novel, the culture-specific term mriyayeni is omitted or deleted. priyayi is sebuah kelas sosial yang diturunkan secara turun-temurun, biasanya bergelar Raden, Raden Mas, Putri, dan lain sebagainya. Yang biasanya masih berkerabat dengan raja, atau keluarga raja. Meanwhile, mriyayeni is the act of a priyayi. In Javanese culture, it is a sarcasm for someone who is only an ordinary person but she acts like a noble princeprincess. The Javanese usually do this kind of act instead of saying it directly to the person. In Java, public image is very important on the neighborhood lives because social punishment is really strong. Therefore, the people do sarcasm to imply the real meaning of its words. Such a complicated thing carried by a word, that is why the translator chooses to delete the word instead of transferring it because it will lead to a wrong perception among readers. The technique of deleting the source text culture-specific terms is called omission. On the other part, the overall meaning after the words have been transferred is quite different. The high tone of sarcasm in source text is gone too. The example of another omission is presented as follow. ST: Sampaikan salam ku kalau bisa ketemu, juga pada Bang Mochtar. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.174 TT: Give my regard to him if you do, and to Mochtar. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.169 According to KBBI Online, bang is abang; kakak laki-laki. This is a term for addressing someone who is older than the speaker and it is only used for someone who still has a blood relation. However, in new concept of Bahasa Indonesia, the word can be applied to anyone who looks older than the speaker and no need to has a blood relation. It is also used to call stranger if the speaker does not know hisher name. In English, this kind of terms does not exist. Therefore, there is a big gap between the two cultures. It is possible that the space between the two languages make the translator decides to delete the word from source text. The culture-specific terms above are translated using the omission technique. The meaning here appears to be a partial equivalence. Since it does not fully carry the culture of the source text, it refers to something broader. 3 Globalization The technique of substituting specific words with the more general or universal word called globalization. When the translator cannot find any word related to the source text, he chooses to transfer the meaning more general. For examples: ST: Mobil Panther kami terparkir di ceruk jalan menembus tengah-tengah kebun kelapa yang berhektar-hektar Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.31. TT: Our Isuzu diesel was parked in a side off a road that cut across hectare after hectare of oil plants plantation. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.30 The researcher found culture-specific term that is already transferred into more general words. Using the name of the animal applied to a car is very popular at that time in Indonesia. For example, Kuda, Kijang, Zebra, etc. Panther is one of them at that time. It is only a nick name for a car in Indonesia, it is also known as Hi- Lander in Vietnam, Crosswind in Philippines. The words „panther‟ has been translated into „Isuzu diesel‟. Panther is a name for a specific car made by Isuzu and also have similar machine, diesel; Isuzu is famous with their diesel machine, that is why the translator decides to transfer it to Isuzu diesel. The translator still wants to make the target text as close as possible with the source text, even though, it has a broader meaning than the source text because Isuzu produces many types of diesel machine. The researcher wants to make it more general because the readers do not know the meaning of it. Simply, only a partial meaning is carried by the words in the target text, since it refers to many things because it is too general. These following sentences are another example of globalization technique. ST: Yang paling dekat adalah rumpun-rumpun pisang dan bambu betung yang begitu tuanya sehingga merunduk membikin lorong satu dengan yang lain Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.48. TT: The closest one was clumps of banana and bamboo that were sold and formed a canopy. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.45 In Indonesia, there are a lot of types of bamboos. One of them is a bambu betung. It is a bamboo which has the largest stem and grows very tall. Its sprout can be eaten as vegetables. The words are transferred into „bamboo‟ which is more general or universal. In the target text culture, the target readers do not have imagination about it specifically. Consequently, the translator put a more general word on the target text. Hence, this culture-specific term is categorized in globalization. In order to look the equivalent meaning, the words are compared based on the information that bambu betung habitat is only in Indonesia and in the target text ecological term like that is not found. Even if „bamboo‟ still cannot carry the full meaning of the source language term, it is the closest word to represent bambu betung. The sentences below are another example datum of globalization technique which is found in the text. ST: Kelegaan itu dirayakan dengan makan bakmi sorong yang mangkal di samping SMA kami berempat dulu. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.134 TT: We celebrated by feasting on noodle parked outside our old high school. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.130 Bakmi Sorong is a traditional food from Indonesia. Bakmi is makanan yang bahannya dari tepung terigu dan sebagainya, bentuknya panjang-panjang seperti tali KBBI Online or in English, it is called „noodle‟. Sorong is gerobak yang beroda satu dan ditolak dari belakang, atau bergeser maju atau tolak; dorong. For simpler, it is a kind of noodle which is sold in a carload that is carried around the street by the seller. This is a traditional way to sell something when the seller has no place to stay for selling something. The technique that is used here is globalization. Here researcher compares the original words bakmi sorong with its translated expression in English „noodle‟. The meaning in the target text is clearly more general than the source text. Hence, the words in the target text refer to any kind of noodle while in the source is specific to a particular noodle. The researcher suggests the translator to use the words „carload noodle‟ instead of just „noodle‟, since it has narrower meaning to avoid to many referral things. 4 Translation by More Specific Words Specifying word is often found in this research. That is why when the word has broad meaning, it has to be narrowed to make the readers understand or it is also possible that the target text has no the broad meaning words, therefore the words have to be translated into specific words. ST: Lik dirah datang dari jawa Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.50. TT: Aunt dirah was from java. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.47 Lik is an address terms to call a little brother or a little sister of parents. Lik is short version from bulik or pak lik. Lik has broader meaning than „aunt‟. On the other hand, according to Cambridge Dictionary Online, „aunt‟ is the sister of someones father or mother, or the wife of someones uncle. In this case, the word „aunt‟ is specifically directed to a woman, and it can be the older or younger than the parents themselves because it is not explained. However, it is still specific to a woman. Meanwhile, lik can be applied in both men and women. It is specifically directed to the younger sister or brother of parents. The role of those two words are different and those have different requirements to be put on. After the explanation above, the conclusion is the meaning between the source and target text are dissimilar. The occurrence of this culture-specific terms is grouped into a translation by more specific word technique. This datum below is another example of translation by more specific word technique. ST: Mukanya berubah, seperti semangkuk sup panas dan sepotong kerupuk dicemplungkan ke sana. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.121 TT: Her face changes, something is withering away there like a piece of rice-cracker being dipped into a bowl of hot soup. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.117 Krupuk is a one of the food that sticks with Indonesian culture. There are many ingredients that can be used as the raw material of krupuk, such as krupuk from skin of cow, krupuk with the taste of shrimp, krupuk made from tofu, etc. At this point, it can be clearly seen that krupuk has a lot of kinds. In the translated text, it is translated into „rice-cracker‟ which can be seen that the cracker is made from rice. The more specific word is used by the translator to decrease unidentified object in the readers‟ mind when they try to consider the thing presented in the target text. The translator uses the word because rice-cracker is the easiest cracker that can be found in Indonesia. This phenomenon is called translation by more specific words technique. There is a consequential problem than only a partial meaning is what the translator presented in this case because it is too specific. The last example of translation by more specific word will be presented as follow. ST: Mereka baris-baris lurus diantara gawangan. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.31 TT: Rows of palms stretched endlessly to the west. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.30 Here is the problematic datum which has a big gap between the source and the target text. According to KBBI Online, gawangan is dua tiang yang dihubungkan dengan kayu palang pada bagian ujung atasnya; dua tiang yang berpalang sebagai tempat tempat sasaran memasukkan bola dalam permainan sepak bola, dsb. In Indonesia, gawangan is a thing shaped by two standing posts with the same heights bridged by a longer post as a cross bar and it is usually put on the open air stuck in the ground, therefore it can stand by itself. On the origin culture gawangan has a lot of functions. Indonesian people drying their clothes under the sun and put the clothes on gawangan, and it is owned by most people at home. It can be used as goal posts when the youngsters on the village are playing football. Gawangan can be made from several materials such as bamboo, steel, palm, etc. On the other hand, based on Cambridge Dictionary Online, palm is a tree that grows in hot countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top. The translator put the word „palms‟ in the target text maybe because gawangan can be made from palm. It is also tall like the term in origin text, but without the cross bar between the palm. This is called translation by more specific word. However, in this case, the meaning in the source and target text is quite diverse. It leads not only to a specific thing but also to another thing. It refers to a material thing, meanwhile, in the target text refers to ecological terms palm. 5 Equivalent Translation There are 13 culture-specific terms that have been domesticated using this technique. This technique uses any words in the target text to convey the closest equivalent meaning with the source text without paying attention to the structure, stylistic, and method. For further information, the researcher provides several examples about this technique. ST: Perempuan itu mencukupkan pekerjaanya setiba asar, meski tak ada azan. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.13 TT: She finished her work by four o‟clock, a time usually marked by the call to afternoon prayer. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.13 According to KBBI Online, azan is seruan untuk mengajak orang melakukan salat. It is for Muslim who do five times prayer in a day. Meanwhile, most of the target readers are not Muslim, it will confuse the readers. Therefore, the concept of azan in the target text language is absent. The translator tries to look for the closest equivalent meaning but there is no word in the target text that can bring the information about the word. The translator applies equivalent translation technique that does not paying attention to the method, structure, and stylistic. Then, the word azan is translated into „the call to afternoon‟ which is more understandable. Not paying attention to the method, stylistic, and structure, in this case, is affecting the meaning of the words that has been transferred. Consequently, partial meaning is occurred here. Another datum is presented below. ST: Ibunya yang masih raden ayu adalah sosok yang tak selalu bisa dijelaskan oleh akal. Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.45 TT: His mother, a Javanese woman of noble origin, was a figure who could not always be described in rational terms. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.42 The culture-specific terms related to history needs more attention because it brings the honor of its local wisdom. Raden ayu here is a title for a married woman who has a blood relation with the king ruling in particular area, such as Jogja Kingdom, Solo Kingdom, Jepara Kingdom, etc. If someone has the title it means she is the member of royal family. Since title in on every kingdom is different, it is included in the culture specific terms. The translator here chooses to make the translation a bit descriptive without paying attention to stylistic, method and structure and without trying to change the terms using the domestication technique although in the target text also has the concept of kingdom. The closest meaning that has been presented by the translator cannot cover the meaning of the word in the source text, hence partial meaning occurs in this domestication technique. The following sentence is another example taken from the data that is found in the novel. ST: Ia Cuma hendak bersilaturahmi Ayu Utami‟s Saman p.59. TT: It was only for the sake of reaffirming the relationship. Pamela Allen‟s Saman p.56 Based on KBBI Online, bersilaturahmi Arabic is mengikat tali persahabatan persaudaraan. Most of the Indonesian people are Muslim, therefore Muslim rules are strong in source text. In Muslim rules, having a relationship with others Muslim will be rewarded a heaven. It is prohibited to fight or quarrel with other Muslim more than three days. The word bersilaturahmi has closely equivalent meaning with „reaffirming the relationship‟. The core is having a good relation between human being and all religion in this world teach peace including Muslim. This term is written in Holy Qur‟an. Hence, it is categorized as a cultural equivalent meaning which is the sub categories of domestication technique.

3. The Role of Culture-Specific Terms in Ayu Utami‟s Saman and Their

Translated Expression in Pamela Allen‟s Saman Translation of literary work is considered as cultural product that belongs to particular area which has a special culture. Culture-Specific term is a big issue of this kind of work. Minimalizing the gap between source and target language culture would be a big deal to a translator. In this case, Pamela Allen has done translation process toward Ayu Utami novel entitled Saman with the same title. In the translated culture-specific term, most of them have been domesticated by the translator. Deeper analysis in understanding the novel leads to a role of them. The equivalence after and before the culture-specific terms being translated can be a serious issue in understanding the whole story in the novel. Since the culture- specific term is an identity of a certain culture, it is problematic to be translated. Even if the words are translated using the proper techniques, there will be a gap in the source and target text. Based on the data finding in the novel, the researcher observes each data found. The source data contain a lot of things that only belong to several cultures. Those can be used to identify the big umbrella of the theme, such as, sundal, amoy, pagutan, etc. The Saman novel big theme is about sexuality perspective of woman that is still taboo in Soeharto authoritative regime. A good translation is needed in transferring the meaning that brings the big role of a word. The effect in understanding all of those words will make the big theme blurred, more extreme it can lead to the different moral value purposed by the author of the novel. It can be said that the novel written by Ayu Utami is rich of culture-specific terms since it is mentioned several cultures Central Java, West Java, Bali, Sumatra, Etc. These are the words that belong to many different culture, such as raden ayu, keris, barong-barong, rebab, roceh, etc. The words raden ayu, keris, are from Javanese culture, meanwhile barong-barong is originally from Bali, and roceh and rebab came from West Java. The multicultural terms are provided here. Ayu Utami mixed all of those culture to create the atmosphere that will be the representation of Indonesia which have a lot of cultures. In comparing the source and the translated text, the transferred words are shifted except the words that use preservation technique. There are several variations of a gap degree between the both text. The role is still the same but the understanding is different. Since the translator chooses to use more domestication 67.72, the original cultures are not dominant. Hence, the theme is not fully cleared to be looked for. This can be concluded that the role of culture-specific terms in the source text is being adapted, therefore the identity of the source text culture is not strong enough because the translator tends to bring the reader close to their own. The culture-specific terms also uses some terms that specify to a certain area. If the readers read the terms, it can be recognized where the setting of the story takes place. The words such as amben, brojongan, rantangan, ronggeng, tayub. etc. The words amben, bronjongan, rantangan are the words that stick to Javanese traditional things. If the author mentions those words, the readers will unconsciously think that it is in Java and it should be in a village life. On the other hand, the words ronggeng and tayub are the name of dances in Indonesia. If