3 Social Culture
Newmark 1988: 77 discussed that social culture consists of activity of work and leisure such as sport and occupation and many more. The example in
Bahasa Indonesia is the word kusir which is translated into „driver‟.
4 Social Organization
Social organization contains formal terms in specific variety of requirements refer to customsactivitiesorganization that is associated to political,
institutional, administrative, religious, artistic, and historical terms Newmark, 1988: 99. For example, the word wudhu
which is translated into „ritually wash themselves‟.
5 Gesture and Habit
Based on Newmark 1988: 99 the last category is gesture and habit. Gesture and habit can be defined as cultural behaviors and gesture of local people
which have particular characteristic and those are systematically followed by the people nearby with specific purpose to achieve something. The example is in
Javanese when someone gives a thumb- up, it means „please or to ask or to invite
or allowing guests to come politely‟, meanwhile, in western culture it means „I need a ride‟.
6. Literary Translation
Literary translation is a transferring meaning activity that plays on the understanding among the multilingual and multicultural of the literary works to
develop the consciousness of these cultures in order to reach the highest point of compromise. A literary translation must reflect the imaginative, intellectual and
intuitive writing of the author. To increase the interest of translator in the literary works, the translator deals with complex issues of social and cultural element. The
general beliefs of the difficulty and the worthiness of transferring literary product are related to cultural theories, post-modernism, and value judgement refracted
through prejudice of class, gender, nation and race. Literary translation challenges the translator to get the authority of the canon, the nationalism of culture, and the
„death‟ of the author Baker, 2001: 127. One of literary works that has been translated is Ayu Utami‟s Novel
entitled Saman. When the readers have the ability to comprehend the literary work fully, it gives pleasure and make readers want to share the story. The theme of
Ayu Utami‟s Saman, is a close friendship which is associated with religion, god, nation, spirituality, struggling for the human rights, and also underlining the
sexuality from women perspective that is still taboo in a Soeharto‟s authoritative regime and it leads to the controversial issues. In addition, this book mentions
many particular terms that only exist in a certain area of Indonesia and those have no equal terms in any other culture or language. It is a complicated literary work
which contains a lot of culture-specific terms. Therefore, the culture-specific terms play an important role in the book and it takes part in defining the main
theme and reflecting the local wisdom where the story takes place. The obstacle is when it is presented in another language which contains another partial
information about the source language and culture. The literary translation requires the source language tone, style, flexibility, inventiveness, and knowledge
