Noun Phrase Types of Phrases

B. Approach of the Study

The approach used in this research was sociolinguistics, which focused on the code-switching. Sociolinguistics was used because it was considered as the study of linguistics focusing on the social aspects, as stated by Trudgill 1983: 32 that sociolinguistics was “a part of linguistics which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon”. The sociolinguistics was used because code-switching was part of sociolinguistics and this research was talking about code switching that occurred in Unbelievable . Code-switching itself was a common phenomenon that can be found in our daily life Rihane, 2015: 6.

C. Method of the Study 1.

Data Collection The data were obtained by observing the novel titled Unbelievable . As explained before in the introduction of chapter I, the writer only used chapter three of the novel as the data. In collecting the data, the writer used the method of sample study which the data have been selected and found in the novel. Sample itself means “a representative part or a single item from a larger whole or group especially when presented for inspection or shown as evidence of quality ” Merriam Webster, accessed on April 25, 2016. In other words, the writer used sample study because the writer only used chapter three as the data. The code-switching used by the author of the novel was mostly found in chapter three of the novel, therefore the writer of this research decided to take chapter three as representative and using sample study. To get a reliable and qualified research, the data must be listed and grouped by each types of code-switching. Since it was an observation from a novel as a written text, a checklist was a must to do. At first, the writer read the novel and scan the data. Then, the writer collected the data one by one. After that, the writer examined the data. Then by examining the data, the writer categorized the data based on its type. The types of code-switching that were used to categorize the data were the types of code-switching stated by Hoffman 1991: 110. After getting the result, the writer analyzed which types were used the most in data, which was the code- switching found in the chapter three of the novel. By finding the types that most frequently used, the writer could also find the reasons for using code-switching in the novel. The reasons could be analyzed by observing result of the data in problem formulation one.

2. Data Analysis

The writer would classify the code-switching based on its types. There were three types of code-switching used, which were tag switching then would be referred as TS, inter-sentential code-switching referred as ITES and intra- sentential code-switching referred as ITAS. Besides classified based on its types, the data were also being classified based on its reasons for using code-switching, which were talking about particular topic then would be referred as TPT,