switching, items such as tags „prou‟ or exclamation „iay‟ serving as an emblem
of the bilingual character.” In other words, emblematic code switching occurs when a bilingual inserts tag or short exclamation on the same utterances. Tag
switching can
also be
referred as
emblematic code
switching. Example Hoffman, 1991: 112:
An adult Spanish-Castilian bilingual: „. . . Oh
Ay
It was embarassing It was very nice, though, but I was embarassed’
A Spanish-Castilian bilingual: „Hay cuatro sillas rotas y’ There are four broken chairs and’
prou’ „that’s enough’
b. Inter-sentential Code Switching
Inter-sentential code switching occurs when there is switch between sentences. Hoffman 1991: 112 gives some examples of inter- sential code
switching as follows: An adult Spanish- English bilingual:
„Tenía zapatos blancos, un poco,
they were off- white, you know.
’ An adult Spanish- Catalan bilingual:
„. . . y si dices “perdón” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujery te dice:’ „. . . and if you say “sorry” in Castilian Spanish, the lady turns to you and
says:’ „En catalá‟ „In Catalan’
c. Intra-sentential Code Switching
Intra-sentential code switching occurs when there is a language change within a sentence. In other words, the intra-sentential switch here occurs when the
speaker switching within one sentence. But, intra-sentential code switching then divided into two. Intra-sentential code switching in a form of words can be
defined as code mixing. Poplack 1980; McLaughin 1984; Appel and Muysken 1987 as cited in Hoffman 1991: 104 said that:
Switches occurring at the lexical level within a sentence intra-sentential switches are referred
to as „code- mixes’ and „code- mixing’. On the other hand, changes over phrases or sentences inter-sentential, including tags
and exclamation s at either end of the sentence, are called „code- switches’
or code- switching’. Hoffman, 1991: 104
5. Reasons for Using Code switching
Hoffman in his book 1991: 115 states that “the reasons for code switching are
manifold. Many of them are of contex tual, situational and personal kind.”
Meanwhile there are several reasons why people using code switching stated by Hoffman in his book 1991: 115 as follows:
a. Talking about Particular Topic
Hoffman 1991: 115 says that Talking about particular topic may cause a switch, either because of
lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations, which are linked to experiences. Hoffman,
1991:115
Talking about particular topic can cause a switch because of lack of facility or words which is relevant. In this case, the lack of facility here means when there
