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B. Research Participants
In this research, the researcher presents the participants of this research. There are two participants. They are the participants of the research and
information collecting and the participants of the preliminary field testing.
1. Participants of the Research and Information Collecting
The participants of the research and information collecting in this research were the first semester students of Theology Study Program of Sanata Dharma
University who were in class B. There were three classes in the first semester, they were A, B, and C which was divided by the score result of their TOEFL
score. The reasons why the researcher chose the class B were that they could be a good sample because they were in the middle level based on the result of their
TOEFL grade. Moreover, the researcher had limitation of time so that the researcher only chose class B. There were 22 students in the class B. In order to
obtain the data needed, the researcher distributed the needs analysis questionnaire to the students.
2. Participants in Preliminary Field Testing
The participants of the preliminary field testing were five lecturers of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. The
researcher distributed a questionnaire to the lecturers in order to obtain some feedback, suggestions, and evaluation on the designed materials. The researcher
used the feedback and evaluation from the lecturers to make the better designed materials. The description of the participants of the preliminary field testing will
be presented in the following table.
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Table 3.1 The Participants in the Preliminary Testing
Participants Sex
Educational Background
Teaching Experience Years
The PBI lecturers
F M
S1 S2 S3
5 - 10 11 – 15
15
3 2
4 1
3 2
C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
There are two instruments used by the researcher in this research in order to gather information and data needed. They are questionnaire and interview. The
explanation is stated below:
1. Questionnaire
To obtain the data needed, the researcher used questionnaire as one of the instruments. There are two kinds of questionnaires used by the researcher in this
research. First, the researcher distributed the questionnaires for the first semester students class B of Theology Study Program. The first questionnaire was used to
get the information about the students’ characteristics, need, lacks, and interest. The type of the questionnaires used by the researcher was close-ended question in
order to avoid too many varieties on the answer. Moreover, the possible answers were known and were few in number Ary, et al. 2002. However, the researcher
provided other option to let the participants share their responses that is not present in the option given.
Second, the researcher distributed five questionnaires to five English Language Education Study Program lecturers in order to get their feedback and
32 suggestions to improve the designed materials. There were two parts in the
questionnaire. The first part was close form items consisting of some statements and the participants were asked to express their opinion in scales 1 – 5. The
second part was the open form items consisting of some questions. This part was expected to elicit the experts’ opinion about the designed materials. The feedback,
suggestions, and evaluation were used to improve the designed materials.
2. Interview
According to DeMarais 2004 as cited by Merriam 2009, p. 87 an interview is a process in which a researcher and participant engage in a
conversation focused on questions related to a research study. Based on the degree of structuring interviews can be divided into three categories: structured
interviews, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews. In this research, the researcher did unstructured interview which was done informally.
The researcher interviewed the English lecturer who was in charge of teaching English the students of the Theology Study Program batch 2012 class B. The
researcher used interview to enrich the data gathered by the questionnaire. The interview was about the students’ characteristics, students’ condition, students’
difficulties, the students’ vocabulary, and the students’ learning styles.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
In order to collect the data needed, the researcher took some techniques. The first technique was conducted in the research and information collecting step.
In this step, the researcher obtained the data needed by distributing the questionnaire to the participants. In this research, the participants of the research
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