Techniques of Data Collection

actions. The score of post-test was the proof of the action’s result that the students’ reading comprehension ability could improve. 3. Based on Burns 1999:162, the process validity is about the dependability and the competency of the research. It was assessed by conducting two cycles and each cycle consists of planning, actions and observations, and reflection steps. Those were the process that should be done to avoid subjectivity in concluding the result of the research as every improvement should be appeared from the legal process. 4. The catalytic validity is related to the research gives opportunity to its participants to deepen their understanding of the realities and how they would make changes of it Burns, 1999:162. This kind of validity was fulfilled by giving chances to the students and the collaborator to respond the changes happened after the actions. It could be seen from the interview transcripts which showed their interpretation of the actions done by the researcher in the teaching process. 5. Finally, dialogic validity was fulfilled by inviting the English teacher to be a collaborator. This is important to involve the English teacher as collaborator because the collaborator is able to make reflection and evaluation to the actions. Comments and suggestion are useful for the successful of the research. Besides the validity, the reliability of this research is also important to get the trustworthiness of the data and to avoid the subjectivity in analyzing the data. The researcher used triangulation stated by Burns 1999:163. It is a way of arguing that if different methods of investigation produce the same result then the data are likely to be valid. It was aimed to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied. Burns 1999: 164 proposes four forms of triangulation. They are time triangulation, space triangulation, investigator triangulation, and theoretical triangulation. This research used investigator triangulation in which there are more than one observer is used in the same research setting. This helps avoid observer bias and provides checks on the reliability of the observations. The observer involved in this research was not only the researcher but also the collaborator who assisted the students in doing group works in the teaching of reading. Overall, those validities and the triangulation were used to verify that the research was valid and reliable from the beginning till the end.

H. Procedure of the Research

1. Determining the thematic concern-reconnaissance Firstly, reconnaissance was conducted to know the concern of the students in reading. Based on the interviews to English teacher, and some students, the researcher found some problems during the teaching and learning process. Some students who were interviewed said that they had difficulties in finding topic, spelling, generating idea, and finding the meaning of new words. The English teacher also said the same thing.