Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
53
This igure has made transportation the third largest contributor of the energy sector, after industry and power plant. The largest sources of CO2 emission and
energy users from the transport sector come from land transport road which contributes around 89 of CO2 emission and 90.7 of energy consumption.
Meanwhile, other transport sub-sectors namely air and sea transport and rail only have far smaller contributions namely around 9.3 of the total energy
consumption in the transport sector see Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Vehicles’ Growth Trend ADB,
2006 .
20 40
60 80
Population 2005 2010 2015 2025 2035
2-W 18.8 30.0 38.0 52.9 52.7
3-W 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
HCV 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.9 3.0
LCV 2.9 3.6 4.4 8.4
15.1 Car.
SUV 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.6 7.0
Grand Total
23.7 36.0 45.5 66.9 77.8
Moreover, estimation of the level of transport sector emissions in the future very much varies depending on various types of existing studies. Based on
ADB study 2006, the number of vehicles in Indonesia is predicted to grow double in between 2010 and 2035 with the continously increasing growth
level for personal two-wheel vehicles and light vehicles or passengers’ vehicle types See Figure 20.
What is more, the Government of Indonesia has announced its commitment to the national GHG emission reduction of 26 and included this target into the
Copenhangen Accord on January 31, 2010. So it is commited to conducting ‘shift to low-carbon transport modes’ as the transport sector mitigation actions.
4.2.4.2 Proposed Mitigation Action Potential in the Transport Sector
Based on ICCSR 2010, there are three key strategies that can be combined to make improvements and developments in the transport sector, namely –
Avoid, Shift, and Improve. The principles that underlie the three strategies and practical measures for implemenation are explained in Table 9.
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
54
Strategies Principles
Implementation Phase
Avoid Avoid or Reduce the Need for
Avoid unnecessary km-trips through integrated Travelling
land use planning and transportation planning. Develop urban areas through transit corridors
Transit Oriented Development Shift
Shift or move to more-environmentally Develop or activate conditions for low-carbon -friendly transport modes
transport modes for passengers and goods’ transports
Avoid shift of NMT such as walking by foot and riding on bicycles and public transports buses
and pedicabs into personal vehicles through improvements and development of quality public
transports including city minibuses angkot.
Improve Improve energy eficiency of transport Ensure future cleaner vehicles, promote the
modes and vehicles’ technology use of eficient smaller vehicles including
two-wheeled vehicles frequently used in Asian countries. Design innovation of traditional
NMT vehicles such as pedicabs.
Table 9.
A-S-I Avoid, Shift, Improve
Strategies.
Through these strategies, several efforts in the transport sector can be identiied, such as planning effort, including land use planning and
transit oriented development; regulatory effort, including establishment of emission standards, trafic regulations or rules such as speed limits,
parking arrangments, road space allocation and also vehicles production processes; economic effort, including fuel tax, establsihment of congestion
cost congestion parking, subsidies for public transport; informational effort including public campaigns for public transports, mobility management,
marketing scheme and eco-driving scheme; technological efforts, including improvements in infrastructure, vehicles and fuel.
Low Carbon Development Strategy
Figure 21.
Example of Mitigation Actions
in The Land Transport and Rail
Sectors.
