V. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 SIMPULAN
Kitosan komersil yang digunakan dalam penelitian memenuhi standar laboratorium protan yaitu dengan derajat deasetilasi sebesar 78.82 . Aktifitas
antimikroba kitosan dengan konsentarasi 1 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi larutan kitosan 2 untuk menghambat pertumbuhan pseudomonas
aureuginosa dan Bacillus cereus. Penambahan ekstrak bawang putih 2 dengan kitosan 1 mampu meningkatkan penghambatan pertumbuhan mikroba uji
dibandingkan hanya menggunakan satu jenis antibakteri larutan kitosan 1. Aplikasi kitosan larutan 1 dan penambahan ekstrak bawang putih pada
adonan bakso mampu meningkatkan umur simpan selama 12 jam dalam suhu ruang dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Aplikasi kitosan larutan 1 dan penambahan
ekstrak bawang putih sebagai edible coating mampu meningkatkan umur simpan selama 24 jam dalam suhu ruang dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Semakin lama
penyimpanan bakso dalam suhu ruang akan menurunkan tekstur dan pH sebaliknya lama penyimpanan akan meningkatkan a
w,
warna, nilai total mikroba. Pengujian organoleptik tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap bakso nilai kesukaan
tertinggi yaitu pada kitosan dengan penambahan ekstrak bawang putih pada adonan dan sebagai edible coating
Pengukuran menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan mikrostruktur antara produk dengan pelapis, dengan demikian
kitosan dapat digunakan sebagai edible coating. Edible coating kitosan mampu mempertahankan umur simpan sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa edible coating
dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk mempertahankan mutu produk pada suhu ruang dibandingkan penambahan kitosan dalam adonan.
5.2 SARAN
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa hal yang perlu diteliti lebih lanjut diantaranya sebagai berikut:
1. Kitosan yang digunakan disarankan memiliki derajat deasetilasi yang
tinggi sehingga akan meningkatkan keefektifan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba, apabila diaplikasikan pada produk pangan tidak
mempengaruhi sifat fisik produk. 2.
Pengujian daya hambat pertumbuhan mikroba diharapkan diuji dengan konsentrasi yang rendah, sehingga akan terlihat zona penghambatan yang
lebih besar. 3.
Guna meningkatkan daya awet produk disarankan penyimpanan pada suhu dingin atau pada suhu beku sehingga keawetan produk akan lebih lama.
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Lampiran 1 Penentuan derajat deasetilasi kitosan dengan FTIR
165 345
0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
1.0 1.2
1.4 1.6
1.8 2.0
1000 2000
3000 Wavenumbers cm-1
Rumus:
100 33
, 1
1 1
3450 1655
x x
A A
i deasetilas
N ⎭
⎬ ⎫
⎩ ⎨
⎧ ⎟⎟
⎠ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎝
⎛ −
= −
100 33
, 1
1 493
. 1
404 .
1 x
x ⎭
⎬ ⎫
⎩ ⎨
⎧ ⎟
⎠ ⎞
⎜ ⎝
⎛ −
=
{ }
100 75
. 202
. 1
x x
− =
705 .
79 =
Derajat deasetilasi kitosan komersil = 79.705
Lampiran 2 Larutan kitosan
a. Larutan kitosan 1 b. ekstrak c. Larutan kitosan 1 +ekstrak 2 bawang putih
Lampiran 3 Zona penghambatan antimikroba pada Bacillus cereus
a
b c
d e
Keterangan gambar: a. Kitosan 1
b. Kitosan 1 + ekstrak bawang putih 2 c. Ekstrak bawang putih
d. Asam laktat 2 e. Kontrol
Lampiran 4 Zona penghambatan antimikroba pada Pseudomonas aeruginosa
a b
c
d e
Keterangan gambar: a. Kitosan 1
b. Kitosan 1 + ekstrak bawang putih 2 c. Ekstrak bawang putih
d. Asam laktat 2 e. Kontrol
Lampiran 5 Aplikasi edible coating pada bakso
a b
Keterangan gambar: a. Edible coating bakso dengan larutan kitosan 1
b. Edible coating bakso dengan larutan Kitosan 1 + ekstrak
Lampiran 6 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan Diameter penghambatan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diameter penghambatan
Source Type III
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Corrected Model
26.203a 7
3.743 30.773
.000 Intercept
1336.235 1
1336.235 10985.0
13 .000
PERLAKUAN 26.203
7 3.743
30.773 .000
Error 1.946
16 .122
Total 1364.384
24 Corrected Total
28.149 23
a R Squared = .931 Adjusted R Squared = .901 Duncan
Diameter penghambatan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Perlakuan N
Subset 1
2 3
4 5
AK2G4 3
5.4833 AK2
3 6.6267
AK2G2 3
6.7833 AK1
3 7.4167
AK1G4 3
7.9500 7.9500
AK1G6 3
8.1667 AK2G6
3 8.3333
AK1G2 3
8.9333
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type III Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .122. a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
b Type 1Type 2 Error Seriousness Ratio = 100.
Lampiran 7 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan Diameter penghambatan Bacillus cereus
Diameter penghambatan
Source Type III
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Corrected Model
26.132a 7
3.733 25.114
.000 Intercept
1202.043 1
1202.043 8086.62
2 .000
PERLAKUAN 26.132
7 3.733
25.114 .000
Error 2.378
16 .149
Total 1230.553
24 Corrected Total
28.510 23
a R Squared = .917 Adjusted R Squared = .880 Diameter
penghambatan
Duncan Perlakuan
N Subset
1 2
3 AK2G6
3 5.9333
AK2G4 3
5.9667 AK2G2
3 6.1500
AK2 3
6.2667 AK1
3 7.6333
AK1G6 3
7.8000 AK1G4
3 8.1667
8.1667 AK1G2
3 8.7000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type III Sum of Squares
The error term is Mean SquareError = .149. a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
b Type 1Type 2 Error Seriousness Ratio = 100.
Lampiran 8. Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan a
w
produk bakso
Oneway ANOVA nilai a
W
terhadap produk
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups .006
2 .003
1.151 .324
Within Groups
.126 51
.002 Total
.132 53
a
W
produk
Duncan Produk
N Subset for
alpha = .05 1
KONTROL 18
.86956 AKG
18 .88850
AK 18
.89333 Sig.
.182 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000. ANOVA nilai a
W
terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups .107
2 .054
112.519 .000
Within Groups .024
51 .000
Total .132
53
aW produk
Duncan Subset for alpha = .05
Lama penyimpanan
N 1
2 3
0 JAM 18
.83056 12 JAM
18 .88117
24 JAM 18
.93967 Sig.
1.000 1.000
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
Lampiran 9 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan pH produk bakso
Oneway ANOVA nilai pH terhadap produk
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups .181
2 .091
.525 .595
Within Groups 8.801
51 .173
Total 8.982
53 Duncan
Produk N
Subset for alpha = .05
1 KONTROL
18 6.3744
AK 18
6.3961 AKG
18 6.5067
Sig. .374
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
ANOVA nilai pH terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups 6.234
2 3.117
57.827 .000
Within Groups 2.749
51 .054
Total 8.982
53 Duncan
Subset for alpha = .05
Lama Penyimpanan
N 1
2 24 JAM
18 5.9517
12 JAM 18
6.5950 0 JAM
18 6.7306
Sig. 1.000
.086 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.00
0.
Lampiran 10 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan nilai L bakso Oneway
ANOVA nilai L terhadap produk
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups 396.338
2 198.169
13.236 .000
Within Groups 763.545
51 14.971
Total 1159.882
53 Duncan
Produk N
Subset for alpha = .05 1
2 AKG
18 58.0200
AK 18
62.6117 KONTROL
18 64.4650
Sig. 1.000
.157 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
ANOVA nilai L terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups 375.955
2 187.977
12.229 .000
Within Groups 783.927
51 15.371
Total 1159.882
53
Duncan Lama
Penyimpanan N
Subset for alpha = .05 1
2 3
0 JAM 18
58.5000 12 JAM
18 61.6344
24 JAM 18
64.9622 Sig.
1.000 1.000
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
Lampiran 11 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan kekerasan produk bakso Oneway
ANOVA nilai kekerasan terhadap produk
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups 8.894
2 4.447
3.540 .036
Within Groups 64.069
51 1.256
Total 72.964
53 Duncan
Produk N
Subset for alpha = .05 1
2 KONTROL
18 7.05056
AK 18
7.90389 AKG
18 7.91889
Sig. 1.000
.968 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000. ANOVA nilai kekerasan terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups 11.589
2 5.794
4.815 .012
Within Groups 61.375
51 1.203
Total 72.964
53 Duncan
Lama penyimpanan N
Subset for alpha = .05 1
2 24 jam
18 7.00667
12 jam 18
7.74444 0 jam
18 8.12222
Sig. 1.000
.306 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
Lampiran 12 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan kekenyalan produk bakso Oneway
ANOVA nilai kekenyalan terhadap produk
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups .002
2 .001
.683 .510
Within Groups .065
51 .001
Total .066
53
Duncan Produk
N Subset for alpha
= .05 1
AK 18
.51494 AKG
18 .52661
KONTROL 18
.52728 Sig.
.334 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000. ANOVA nilai kekenyalan terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F
Sig. Between
Groups .006
2 .003
2.465 .095
Within Groups .061
51 .001
Total .066
53
Duncan Lama penyimpanan
N Subset for alpha = .05
1 2
24 jam 18
.51028 12 jam
18 .52278
.52278 0 jam
18 .53578
Sig. .282
.263 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
Lampiran 13 Hasil sidik ragam dan uji lanjut Duncan daya iris produk bakso Oneway
ANOVA nilai daya iris terhadap produk
Sum of Squares df
Mean Square
F Sig.
Between Groups
2765246.926 2
1382623.46 3
1.936 .155
Within Groups 36426226.111
51 714239.728
Total 39191473.037
53 Duncan
Perlakuan N
Subset for alpha = .05
1 KONTROL
18 5235.22
AK 18
5414.83 AKG
18 5779.17
Sig. .073
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
ANOVA nilai daya iris terhadap lama penyimpanan
Sum of Squares df
Mean Square
F Sig.
Between Groups
9396336.148 2
4698168.07 4
8.042 .001
Within Groups 29795136.889
51 584218.370
Total 39191473.037
53 Duncan
Subset for alpha = .05
Lama penyimpanan
N 1
2 24 JAM
18 5044.44
12 JAM 18
5344.44 0 JAM
18 6040.33
Sig. .244
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.000.
Lampiran 14 Hasil analisis statistik organoleptik atribut warna pada bakso Uji Kruskal-Wallis