Direct and Oblique Translation

16 Yang selalu ku tunggu hanyalah cinta Hanya cinta yang tak terganti Yang aku nanti hanyalah cinta Hanyalah cinta yang abadi Nothing is worth fighting only love There is only love that makes me bleed Nothing is worth living only love There is only love that makes me breath Here, we can see the translation of Anggun C. Sasmi song “hanyacinta” into “Only Love”, the English version. But the translation does not exactly transfer the same idea but still have equivalent aim.

2.4. Procedures of Translation

According to Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti, 2000:84, at first different methods or procedures seem to be countless, but they can be condensed to just seven, each one corresponding to a higher degree of complexity. In practice, they may be used either on their own or combined with one or more of the others.

2.4.1. Direct and Oblique Translation

Generally speaking, translator can choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and oblique translation. In some translation task it may be possible to transpose the source language message element by element into the target language. But translator may also notice gaps, or “lacunae”, in the target language TL which must be filled by corresponding elements, so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages. Universitas Sumatera Utara 17 It may, however, also happen that, because of structural or metalinguistic differences, certain stylistic effect cannot be transposed into TL without upsetting the syntactic order, or even the lexis. In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used: these procedures are called oblique translation methods. In the listing follows, the first three procedures are direct and the others are oblique. Procedure 1: Borrowing To overcome a lacuna, borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. For instance, in order to introduce the flavour of the source language SL culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used, e.g. such Russian words as “roubles”, “datchas”, and “apparatchik”, “dollars” and “party” from American English, Mexican Spanish food names “tequila” and “tortillas”, and so on. Some well-established, mainly older borrowings are widely used that they are no longer considered as such and have become a part of the respective TL lexicon. For example, in English such words as “menu”, “carburetor”, “hangar”, “chic” and expression like “déjà vu”, “enfant terrible” and “rendez-yous” are no longer considered to be borrowings. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and consequently of the message. Procedure 2: Calque A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The result is either Universitas Sumatera Utara 18 i. a lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expressions; or ii. a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a new construction into the language, e.g.: English Indonesian calque Governor general GubernurJendral Science-fiction Science-fiction As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of time, become an integral part of the language. These too like borrowings, may have undergone a semantic change, turning them into faux amis. Procedure 3: Literal translation Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators´ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. I go to school every day. Nak kemane? Wo ai ni. Sayapergikesekolahsetiaphari. Mau kemana? I love you. Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same family e.g. between French and Italian, and even more so when they also share the same culture. If, after trying the first three procedures, translators regard a literal translation unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique translation. By unacceptable we mean that the message, when translated literally i. gives another meaning, or ii. has no meaning, or iii. is structurally impossible, or iv. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, or v. has a corresponding expression, but not within the same register. Procedure 4: Transposition The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can be divided into two types: 1 obligatory transposition, and 2 optional transposition. The following example has to be translated literally procedure 3, but must also be transposed procedure 4: Dès son lever… As soon as he getsgot up… As soon as he gets up Dès son lever… Dèsqu´il se lève… Universitas Sumatera Utara 20 In this example, the English allows no choice between the forms, the base form being the only one possible. Inversely, however, when translating back into French, we have the choice between applying a calque or a transposition, because French permits either construction. Procedure 5: Modulation Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. English It´s not even expensive… It´s not difficult actually… Indonesia Itumurahkok… Sebenarnyaitugampang… Procedure 6: Equivalence We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. In such cases we are dealing with method which produces equivalent texts. The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were Indonesian his cry in pain would be transcribed as Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 “Aduh”, but if he were English this would be interpreted as “Ouch”. Another striking case of equivalences are the many onomatopoeia of animal sounds, e.g.: kukuruyuk cock-a-doodle-do meong miaow guk woof These simple examples illustrate a particular feature of equivalences: more often than not they are of a syntagmatic nature, and affect the whole of the message. As a result, most equivalences are fixed, and belong to a phraseological repertoire of idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, etc. Procedure 7: Adaptation Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. For example: Indonesia TiapRamadhanakuselalumudik. English Once a year I go back to my home town. Universitas Sumatera Utara 22 In England they do not know the culture of “mudik” in Ramadhan. Ramadhan is a month when the moslems in Indonesia are fasting and they usually go back to their home town to see their family and relatives, that tradition is called “mudik”.

2.5. Subtitling