Pendahuluan. Diuraikan tentang latar belakang masalah, rumusan
setiap sengketa adalah konflik, tetapi tidak semua konflik dapat dikategorikan sebagai sengketa dispute.
Permasalahan yang disengketakan dalam suatu sengketa internasional dapat menyangkut banyak hal. Sengketa di European Union menyangkut
kebutuhan integrasi politik yang lebih kuat adalah sengketa menyangkut kebijakan. Sengketa perbatasan wilayah adalah sengketa tentang legal right.
Disisi lain sengketa juga dapat menyangkut fakta, misalnya posisi kapal negara A ketika diintersepsi oleh negara B.
Menyangkut substansi sengketa itu, beberapa pakar mencoba untuk memisahkan antara sengketa hukum legal dispute dengan sengketa politik
political dispute. Friedmann misalnya mengemukakan bahwa karakterisitik sengketa hukum adalah sebagai berikut:
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1. Capable of being settled by the application of certain principles and
rules of international law 2.
Influence vital interest of State such as territorial integrity 3.
Implementation of the existing international law enough to raise a justice decision and support to progressive international relation
4. The dispute related with legal rights and claims to change the existing
rule Disisi lain Waldock mengemukakan bahwa:
The legal or political character of dispute is ultimately determined by the objective aimed at or the position adopted by each party in the dispute. If both
parties are demanding what they conceive to be their existing legal rights as, for
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Sefriani, Hukum Internasional Suatu Pengantar Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011, Cet.Kedua, h. 323.
example, in the Corfu Channel case, the dispute is evidently legal. If both are demanding the application of standards or factors not rooted in the existing rules
of international law as, for example in a dispute regarding disarmament, the dispute is evidently political.
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Joshua S. Goldstein dan Jon C. Pevehouse mengemukakan bahwa bersengketa adalah hal yang lazim dalam hubungan internasional. Definisi
persengketaan menurut Joshua S. Goldstein dan Jon C. Pevehouse adalah suatu perbedaan atas hasil yang dikehendaki dalam suatu situasi tawar-menawar ....a
difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation.
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Selanjutnya menurut Oppenheim-Kelsen All dispute have their political aspects by the very fact that they concern relation
between sovereign States. Dispute which according to the distinction, are said to be legal nature might involve highly important political intersets of the State
concerned, conversely, dispute reputed according to that distinction to be a political character more often than not concern the application of a principal or
a norm of international law.
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Mahkamah Internasional Permanen dalam sengketa Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions Preliminary Objections, 1924 mendefinisikan pengertian
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Sefriani, Hukum Internasional Suatu Pengantar Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011, Cet.Kedua, h. 323.
13
Rusli Pandika, Sanksi Dagang Unilateral di Bawah Sistem Hukum WTO Bandung: PT Alumni, 2010, h.189.
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Sefriani, Hukum Internasional Suatu Pengantar Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011, Cet.Kedua, h. 324.
sengketa sebagai: disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interest between two persons.
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