Perbandingan Kasus Sengketa Rokok Indonesia – Amerika dengan
acquainted with it, that they propose to introduce a particular technical regulation;
2.9.2 notify other Members through the Secretariat of the products to be covered by the proposed technical regulation, together with a brief
indication of its objective and rationale. Such notifications shall take place at an early appropriate stage, when amendments can still be
introduced and comments taken into account;
2.9.3 upon request, provide to other Members particulars or copies of the proposed technical regulation and, whenever possible, identify the
parts which in substance deviate from relevant international standards;
2.9.4 without discrimination, allow reasonable time for other Members to make comments in writing, discuss these comments upon request, and
take these written comments and the results of these discussions into account
2.10: Subject to the provisions in the lead-in to paragraph 9, where urgent problems of safety, health, environmental protection or national
security arise or threaten to arise for a Member, that Member may omit such of the steps enumerated in paragraph 9 as it finds
necessary, provided that the Member, upon adoption of a technical regulation, shall:
2.10.1 notify immediately other Members through the Secretariat of the particular technical regulation and the products covered, with a brief
indication of the objective and the rationale of the technical regulation, including the nature of the urgent problems;
2.10.2 upon request, provide other Members with copies of the technical regulation;
2.10.3 without discrimination, allow other Members to present their comments in writing, discuss these comments upon request, and take
these written comments and the results of these discussions into account
2.12: Except in those urgent circumstances referred to in paragraph 10, Members shall allow a reasonable interval between the publication
of technical regulations and their entry into force in order to allow time for producers in exporting Members, and particularly in
developing country Members, to adapt their products or methods of production to the requirements of the importing Member
12.3: Members shall, in the preparation and application of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, take
account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country Members, with a view to ensuring that such
technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment
procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing country Members
berdasarkan pasal 2.1-12.3 dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk lokal dengan
produk impor harus disamakan, tidak boleh dibeda-bedakan. Regulasi yang dibuat suatu negara tidak boleh bertujuan untuk membentuk suatu
hambatan-hambatan bagi negara lain. Negara dalam menerapakan suatu regulasi yang baru, maka ia harus memberikan penjelsan terhadap
regulasinya tersebut, mempublikasi pemberitahuan dari dini mungkin mengenai aturan agar negara lain mengetahui bahwa mereka membuat
regulasi baru, memberitahukan kepada sekretariat, tanpa diskriminasi mengizinkan negara lain untuk menyatakan pendapatnya, memberikan
salinan regulasi apabila diminta oleh anggota. Anggota memberi pernyataan bahwa regulasi yang baru, tidak memberikan hambatan atau
mempersulit negara yang sedang berkembang. Harus ada selang waktu tidak kurang dari enam bulan antara publikasi dan berlakunya regulasi
tersebut.
2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 Pasal 3 National Treatment
on Internal Taxation and Regulation ayat 4 – dan tidak dapat di justifikasi
dibawah pasal XXb
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: The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the
territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect
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necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health
of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The
provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charges which are based exclusively on
the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nationality of the product.
berdasarkan pasal 3 ayat 4 tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk
dalam dan luar negeri harus diperlakukan dengan sama tanpa membeda- bedakan dengan menaati hukum, regulasi, persyaratan penjualan,
penawaran barang, harga, transportasi dan penggunaan distribusi. Tidak membedakan tarif angkutan perdagangan
Tobacco Control Act melarang peredaran semua rokok yang mengandung aroma dan rasa flavored cigarettes, termasuk rokok kretek di Amerika. Meski
demikian, peraturan tersebut tidak melarang rokok yang mengandung aroma dan rasa menthol. Argumentasi dari Amerika adalah disahkannya Tobacco Control
Act adalah, untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan terkait dengan rokok yaitu dengan mengurangi konsumsi rokok pada anak muda. Undang-Undang tersebut
menyebutkan larangan bagi semua jenis rokok yang mengandung zat aditif berupa bahan alami, tumbuh-tumbuhan dan rempah-rempah yang menimbulkan
rasa dan aroma tertentu, seperti cengkeh, vanila dan cherry. Rokok kretek asal Indonesia dianggap mengandung zat aditif, berupa
cengkeh, sehingga turut dilarang. Hasil studi yang dilakukan oleh sebuah institut Penyalahgunaan Narkoba di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2006 menyebutkan
bahwa rokok kretek merupakan produk pemula yang menggoda orang sehingga mereka menjadi terbiasa merokok.
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Argumentasi Indonesia adalah bahwa regulasi teknis yang dibuat oleh Amerika Serikat telah menghambat kegiatan perdagangan Indonesia, dimana hal
tersebut berpengaruh kepada perekonomian Indonesia. Selain itu prosedur regulasi teknis seharusnya diberitahukan dulu ke anggota WTO, tetapi Amerika
Serikat tidak menyampaikan sebelumnya, dan hal ini menjadi suatu keberatan bagi Indonesia.
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Badan Banding WTO, sesuai dengan laporan Panel WTO memutuskan : 1.
Mengabulkan gugatan Indonesia atas TBT Agreement Pasal 2.1 : u
pholds, albeit for different reasons, the Panle’s finding, in paragraph 7.428 of the Panel Report, th
at clove cigarettes and menthol cigarettes are “like products” within the meaning of Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement;
u pholds, albeit for different reasons, the Panels’s finding, in paragraph 7.292
of the Panel Report, that, by banning clove cigarettes while exempting menthol cigarettes from the ban, Section 907a1A of the FFDCA accords
imported clove cigarettes less favourable treatment than that accorded to domestic menthol cigarettes, within the meaning of Article 2.1 of the TBT
Agreement dengan alasan, bahwa rokok kretek dan rokok mentol merupakan produk
yang serupa like products. Amerika Serikat juga melanggar atas ketentuan
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Diakses dari amti.idri-amerika-gelar-perundingan-soal-boikot-rokok-kretek-indonesia pada tanggal 29 Agustus 2015, 14:40 WIB
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Diakses dari Ditjenkpi.kemendag.go.idwebsite_kpiindex.php?module=news_detailnews_content_id=1004deta
il=true pada tanggal 29 Agustus 205, 14:45 WIB
pasal 2.1 karena sudah melarang rokok kretek beredar di dalam negeri, sementara rokok mentol dibiarkan, hal ini melanggar ketentuan tentang
perlakuan tidak menguntungkan. 2.
Mengabulkan gugatan Indonesia atas TBT Agreement Pasal 2.12: upholds, albeit for different reasons, the Panel’s finding, in paragraph 7.595
and 8.1h of the Panel Report, that, by failing to allow an interval of not less than six months between the publication and the entry into force of Section
907a1A of FFDCA, the United States acted inconsistently with Article 2.12 of the TBT Agreement
dengan alasan, dengan tidak adanya selang waktu tidak kurang dari enam
bulan antara publikasi dan berlakunya Pasal 907 a1A dari Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Family Smoking Prevention Tobacco Control Act.
3. Conversely, the Panel rejected Indonesia’s claims under Articles .2, 2.5, 2.8,
2.9, 2.10 and 12.3 of the TBT Agreement Menolak gugatan Indonesia atas TBT Agreement Pasal 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10
dan 12.3 4.
The Panel declined to rule on Indonesia’s alternative claim under Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 and on the United States related defence under Article
XXb of the GATT 1994 Panel menolak GATT 1994 Pasal III ayat 4
Atas putusan WTO maka Indonesia memenangkan sengketanya dengan Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 4 April 2012.
Indonesia – Australia
Indonesia menggugat Australia ke Dispute Settlement Body yang berada dibawah naungan World Trade Organization pada tanggal 3 Maret 2014.
Indonesia menganggap Australia melalui kebijakannya yaitu Tobacco Plain Packaging 2011 telah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan Internasional,
sehingga Indonesia menggugat ke WTO atas
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: 1.
Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement Pasal 2.1 dan 2.2 sama dengan tuntutan terhadap Amerika Serikat
2. GATT 1994 Pasal III:4 sama dengan tuntuntan terhadap Amerika Serikat
3. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS Pasal :
2.1 : In respect of Parts II, III and IV of this Agreement, Members shall
comply with Articles 1 through 12, and Article 19, of the Paris Convention 1967
3.1 : Each Member shall accord to the nationals of other Members
treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own nationals with regard to the protection3 of intellectual property, subject to the
exceptions already provided in, respectively, the Paris Convention 1967, the Berne Convention 1971, the Rome Convention or the
Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits. In respect of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting
organizations, this obligation only applies in respect of the rights provided under this Agreement. Any Member availing itself of the
possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention 1971 or paragraph 1b of Article 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a
notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS
15.4: The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to registration of the
trademark.
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Diakses http:www.wto.orgenglishtratop edispu ecases eds467 e.htm pada tanggal 5 November 2014, pukul 10:47 WIB
16.1: The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner’s consent from using in
the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the
trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical
goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights,
nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use.
16.3 : Article 6bis of the Paris Convention 1967 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods or services which are not similar to those in
respect of which a trademark is registered, provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a
connection between those goods or Page 327 services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the
owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use
20: The use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements, such as use with another
trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking
from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribing the use of the trademark identifying the
undertaking producing the goods or services along with, but without linking it to, the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or
services in question of that undertaking.
22.2b : any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention 1967.
24.3: In implementing this Section, a Member shall not diminish the protection of geographical indications that existed in that Member
immediately prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.
berdasarkan pasal 2.1-24.3 dapat disimpulkan bahwa negara harus menerapkan perlakuan hak kekayaan intelektual yang sama baik dari dalam
dan luar negeri. Merek dagang impor tidak boleh dipersulit di dalam
domestik. Pemegang merek dagang memiliki hak eksklusif untuk mencegah barang lain memiliki merek yang sama, yang mana nantinya
akan membingungkan. Segala bentuk persaingan harus merupakan persaingan yang sehat.