I ndicators and Status of Hydration
38
The adult in the lowland are more often to sweat than in the highland Table 16. The temperature in the lowland is higher than in the highland so the water excretion
through the skin is relatively higher. This condition indicates the good mechanism of body fluids adjustment.
Table 16 shows that the adult group in both ecological areas is different in the frequency to urinate. In the highland, they are more frequently to urinate than in the
lowland; however the volume it seems similarly. The number of the adult with yellow- brown urine is slightly higher in the highland compare to lowland. The urine color is a
qualitative indicator of dehydration. Water excretion through the gastrointestinal tracts normally only in a small
amount, but during the diarrhea, this condition can be more exist. A hard stool consistency during defecation and less frequently defecate are a dehydration symptoms.
In the highland the number of the adult with hard stool consistency and less frequently defecation is higher than in the lowland Table 16.
There are several symptoms of dehydration such as thirsty, dizzy, fatigue, dry skin and lips, higher heart rate, and fever. In general based on these symptoms, the
dehydration status of the teenagers in both ecological areas are not different, except on dry skin and lips Table 17.
Table 17. Percentage of subjects having symptoms of dehydration during last week
Teenagers Adults No Symptoms
of dehydration
Highland Low land Highland Low land
1. Thirst 23.9
23.5 23.8
23.5 2. Dizzy
13.1 11.8
13.1 7.8
3. Fatigue 22.8
19.6 22.8
19.6 4. Dry
skin 13.1
5.9 13.1
5.9 5. Dry
lips 4.9
15.2 4.9
15.2 6.
Higher heart rate 3.3
3.9 2.2
1.0 7. Fever
13.1 9.7
6.6 6.8
Urinalysis is a simple assessment to figure out the normal renal function. However, this examination can not accurately determine the hydration status. To develop the strong
diagnosis of hydration status required the combination among clinical symptoms, the medical anamnesis as well as urine or plasma osmolarity.
One of the urinalysis parameter is the urine density. If the density is less than 1.020 it means tend to be the mild dehydration. More teenagers in the highland area
show having lower urine density which indicates not dehydrated Table 18. Statistical
39
analysis shows the significantly different the urine density between these two areas, where more teenagers in the lowland tend to be mildly dehydrated than those in the
highland area. In the adult age less than 55 year, in general the function of fluid balance is still in
a normal mechanism and then gradually degradation. The external factors could interfere the body fluid balance, however normally could be normalized by the renal function. But
the habitual of diet during the live, including personal-hygiene, environmental factor such as temperature and humidity are all affecting the homeostatic function and the renal
function. The parameters of urinalysis to reflect the hydration status are urine density,
hyaline cylinder, low erythrocyte and light proteinuria. All parameters in adult group are more dehydrated in the lowland compare to highland area Table 18. There are
significantly differences the urine density between those two areas, where the prevalence of adult with mild dehydration in highland area is lower than the lowland.
The urinalysis parameters also indicate urinary tract infection, and its need to be confirmed for further examination. The urinary tract infection also related with insufficient
water intake and unhygienic environment especially water used for bath and defecation, personal-hygiene and sexual behavior. There is about of 8 of the subject in the lowland
show significant urinary tract infection, and it is shown by gross hematuria and amount of the erythrocyte and leukosituria.
Table18. Percentage of subject with mild dehydration based on urinalysis
Teenagers Adults No Parameters
of urinalysis
Highland Low land Highland Low land
1. Urine density
≥1.020 28.71 52.78
26.4 54.0
2. Hyalin 1-5
0.0 8.33
1.1 6.9
3. Erythrocyte 1-5
56.44 96.33 53.9
92.3 4.
Leukocyte 85.5 89.8 80.0 90.0
5. Light Proteinuria
0.99 13.89
1.96 11.96
6. Indication of dehydration
16.83 45.37
18.68 48.0
According to urinalysis parameters
The above figure also supported by the microscopic analysis for dehydration, the urine contains hyaline cylinder or granular, amount of erythrocyte or leukocyte, and 30-
100 mgdL proteinuria. The urinalysis shows the dehydration status the urine density 1.020 and two other signs of dehydration; there are 16.83 teenagers in the highland
area has dehydration symptoms. This number is lower compare to the lowland 45.37.
40
It can be concluded that the prevalence of teenagers in the lowland are higher than in the highland area.
In the adult group, from the urinalysis parameters the urine density 1.020 and two other signs of dehydration, there are 18.68 of the adults in the highland area
categorized as mild dehydration. This number is lower than in the lowland 48.0. It can be concluded that the adults in the lowland is more dehydrated than in the highland
area.
gejala dehidrasi dari wawancara dan urinalisis
5 10
15 20
25 30
35 40
45
dataran tinggi dataran rendah
Figure 6. Teenager subjects categorised as mild dehydration
When the criteria of dehydration is a combination of both results of the urine analysis combined and the symptoms of dehydration, then there are 24.75 and 41.67
of the teenagers with mild dehydration in the highland and the lowland area respectively Figure 6. Applying similar criteria for adult, there are 15.4 and 24.0 of adults in
the highland and the lowland area categorized as mild dehydration Figure 7.
gejala dehidrasi dari wawancara dan urinalisis
5 10
15 20
25 30
dataran tinggi dataran rendah
Figure 7. Adult subjects categorised as mild dehydration
Highland area Low land area
Highland area Low land area