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LI TERATURE REVI EW
2.1. Role and Requirement of Water
Water plays important roles in the human body, namely : 1 as a filler of each of good cavity in cell and also among body cell; 2 as part of body fluids or to forms body
fluids such as blood, hormone, enzyme etc; 3 as a reaction promoter and a solvent for mineral, vitamin, amino acids, glucose, and other nutrients; 4 as vehicle for distribution,
transportation, and use of nutrients and others in human body; 5 as vehicles for eliminating waste, toxin and metabolism products, and 6 as body temperature regulation
Kleiner, 1999. Water is also important for taking care of vascular volume. Hydration of cell represents a good signal for metabolism regulation of cell and genetic expression
IOM, 2004. Water is an essential nutrient needed for healthy life. However its important role
is sometimes disregarded by people. Most people do not realize that they drink not enough water. Study done in Singapura showed that woman drink water 5-6 glasses and
man drink 6-8 glasses everyday. Their water intake is lower than the recommendation suggestion of serving size namely 8 glasses of water every day. Only the old age group
55-64 year and the adult 25-34 years fulfill the requirement AFIC, 2000. Study in Hongkong showed the same result that 50 subjects drink water less than 8 glasses, and
even 30 of subjects drink less than 5 glasses. Various study show relationship between hydration status with health status and
physical performance. Dehydration can occurs acutely when drinking not enough water and having heavy physical activities. Dehydration can also occur chronically when water
intake is not enough to fulfill the daily requirement. Both types of dehydration could negatively effects health status and physical performance. Signs of dehydration will be felt
when the body water decreased of 1-2 of body weight.
2.2. Source of Water
Amount of water required by human body depend upon a balance between water intake and water outtake. Human body obtains water from consumption of food and
beverage, and also from the result of metabolism. Solid food especially the fruit and vegetable provide significant contribution to water intake. While water excretes through
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exhalation, husk, kidney urine, and the digestion channel. It was estimated that the total body water loss for an adult with light activity is 1050 - 3100 ml per day IOM,
2004. A survey on adult population in USA showed that the 28 of water intake is from food, 28 from drinking water, and 44 from other beverage. Water intakes by
someone depend on body water, activity level, ecology, and food pattern. Human body can produce water through the oxidation in limited number. Study at
male adult group with 70 kg weight showed that 2900 kcal energy intake will contribute 2900 ml water body per day. Water production in human body equal to 250 ml, hence the
rest have to be fulfilled from drinking water and other beverages. Natural food contains 40-90 of water. Water intake to human body commonly
come from drinking water and beverages such as juice, canned beverage, and milk; and others come from solid food like rice, vegetable, and fruit. For example in List of Food
Composition DKBM, water contends in rice is 13, 12 in flour, 60-70 in meat, 75- 80 in fresh fish, 71-85 in vegetables, and 60-90 in fruits. Various study in several
countries showed that there are variation contribution of water intake from multifarious beverages. Estimation of water content from various type of beverage is 95 in sport
drink, 90-94 in fruit juice, and 87 in milk WHO, 2005. Data of NHANES III showed that mean of total water intake from food and
beverage at male adolescent 14-18 year is 3.4 Lday and female adolescent is 2.5 Lday. Total water intake of male adult 31-50 year is 3.85 Lday and female adult is
3.10 Lday. Difference of water intake among inactive and active group at male is 0.6 L and 0.5 L at female IOM, 2004.
Study in Singapore by Tamasek Polytechnic and AFIC 1998 showed that the teenagers and young adults 15 – 24 years drink the least amount of fluid. This implied
that the teenagers and adults, who are more physically active, are more likely to be vulnerable to mild-moderate dehydration. However, there is no such evidence in
Indonesia. Meanwhile the number of Indonesian teenagers and adults is about 70 million – nearly one-third of the total population. Theoretically, the earlier the prevention of
thirsty and mild-moderate dehydration, the better the health of teenagers and adults, which results in better physical performance, stamina, health, mind, and life. Study in
Singapore showed that source of water body is drinking water on first place 74 then tea and coffee 32, and soft drink 17. Others source is salad and fruits. The most
reasons of subject in Singapore drink in insufficient water are: 1 not feel thirsty, 2 forget
