22.9 4.3 DRINKING HABITS AND HYDRATION STATUS AMONG TEENAGERS AND ADULTS IN TWO DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL AREAS (Kebiasaan Minum dan Status Hidrasi pada Remaja dan Dewasa di Dua Wilayah Ekologi yang Berbeda)

24 The overweight person indicates that the amounts of calories intake exceed the body requirement, which is called positive balance. The lowland area is a represent a metropolitan city located in North Jakarta; meanwhile, the highland area is a small towns namely Lembang and Cisarua in West Bandung. The adult subjects who live in the lowland prefer to eat fast food which is generally rich in simple carbohydrate flour and sugar, high sodium and low fiber, and drink carbonated and high sugar. Their physical lifestyles are also tending to sedentary body less motion. The high prevalence of overweight adult in lowland is very important when we concern with the risk problem such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and also cancer. The average heart pulse of teenagers in highland is 79.1 ± 15.3; while in the lowland is 77.2 ± 12.55. In the adult group, the mean pulse is 77.41 ± 11.4 in the highland and 82.9 ± 8.5 in the lowland. Normal heart pulse range is in between 70 - 110 pulses, bradycardia is less than 70, and tachycardia is more than 110 . Both of the subjects in two areas categorized as normal. The dehydrated person has a slow heart pulse. Systolic pressure of the teenagers in the highland is 124.1 ± 12.1 mmHg; while in the lowland is 114.9 ± 14.39 mmHg. For teenager, the normal range of systolic pressures is 115 - 120 mmHg. For the adult, the systolic pressure in the highland is 129.9±18.1 mmHg and in lowland is 122.5 ± 22.5 mmHg. The mean of systolic pressure both for teenagers and adult subjects are better in the highland compared to the lowland. The teenagers and adults who live in the low land may have high salt intakes. These figures are also supported by the urinalyses related to the hydration status. The teenagers in the lowland tends to be hydrated, but not in the highland. The body temperature of the teenagers in the highland is 36.5 ± 0.5°C and in the lowland is 36.8 ± 0.34°C. Meanwhile, at the adult body temperature in the highland is 36.5±0.3°C and in the lowland is 36.6±0.40°C. The body temperature categorized as normal between 36-37°C. Body heat loses is 75 from radiation, conduction and also sweat excretion; 20 from exhalation, and 5 from urine and fecal Pearce, 1992. If body temperature increase, the hypothalamus gland will activate the body heat mechanism. The evaporation is one of the degradation mechanisms of body temperature. On the human body, the evaporation through exhalation lung and sweat husk, and the most of it is sweat. Process of evaporation will lose a lot of water and salt; and this lead to fluids imbalance in body Ahrens, 2007. When the fluids loss is exceed the limit, then