Research Subjects Data Collection Techniques and Instrument
collecting the data, the researcher converted the questionnaires and interview into the description of the students’ needs in learning English.
The second questionnaire was the empirical evaluation questionnaire. This questionnaire distributed to the expert to find the judgement about the
effectiveness of the materials that have been developed. Moreover, this was also to collect data from the expert in the form of suggestions and scores. Each indicator
of the aspects was measured by score using
Likert-scale
. For Strongly Agree SA, the score was 4. For Agree A, the score was 3. For Disagree D, the score was 2
and for Strongly Disagree SD, the score was 1. 1.
Data of Students’ Needs The quantitative data from questionnaires were analysed using frequency
and percentage. The highest percentage was considered as the representation of the students’ condition. The formula is as follows.
P : percentage
f : frequency
N : total respondents
100 : fixed number
The qualitative data from interview were analysed using the qualitative data analysis. There were three steps in qualitative data analysis Miles,
Huberman, Saldana, 2014: 31-33 namely: Percentage =
� �
100
a.
Data Condensation
. In this step, the data were transformed through summarising, selecting, or paraphrasing.
b.
Data Display
. After transforming the data, then, the data were organised into compact form and accessible so that the data were easy
to analyse and to draw the conclusion. c.
Drawing and Verifying Conclusions.
The data were interpreted and then verified based on the plausibility, sturdiness, and confirmability.
2. Data of Materials’ Evaluation
As stated earlier that the data of materials’ evaluation were got from the
second questionnaire. The data in the form of score showed the result of the analysis of each aspect of the English materials. The researcher decided the
quality of the developed materials by getting the mean or average score from the questionnaire. Then, the average score was used to give the qualitative
description of the quality of the developed materials. To defining the mean, the formula used is presented below.
in which �
: mean or average score �
: total score per aspect : numbers of questions
� =
� �
Hall, 2010: 64
Then, after defining the mean, the results converted into the qualitative description. The result were analysed to describe the quality of the developed
materials that fulfilled the standard as effective and appropriate English learning materials. To convert the scores into qualitative description used the
formula proposed by Suharto 2005: 59 as follows:
in which R
: range
Xh
: the highest score
Xl
: the lowest score 4
: range of the Likert-scale
Table 3.4: Table of Conversion from Quantitative Data to Descriptive Analysis Suharto, 2005: 52-53
Scales Interval
Descriptive Categories
1 1 X ≤ 1.75
Poor 2
1.75 X ≤ 2.5 Fair
3 2.5 X ≤ 3.25
Good 4
3.25 X ≤ 4 Very Good