CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Yunita Wulansari in her undergraduate thesis entitled Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s
Burung-Burung Camar into the Weavebirds discusses some cultural nouns which
exist in Indonesian culture are untranslatable. She states that there are 48 Javanese culture-bound expressions which are found in the novel, based on concrete and
abstract equivalences. The concrete concepts found are names of species that are not common in the TL, types of food, location, tool, clothes, etc. The abstract
concepts are calendar system in Javanese, nobility title, traditional games, art, belief and superstition, etc. 2007:57-59.
Another study is from Henny Waty in The Problems of Translating Inyik Lunak Si Tukang Cenang, Jakarta Sunyi Sekali di Malam Hari, and Mata Yang
Indah in the Anthology Mata yang Indah. She discusses the difficulties in
translating some words in Indonesian culture which do not have equivalent in English. Some words which are close to the Indonesian culture, e.g. gembong,
lepau, oplet, muhrim, dangdut and malam lebaran do not have the equivalent in
English because they only exist in Indonesian. That is why the English words are inappropriate in meaning. She states some factors referring to the above problems,
such as different culture, the consideration of the same function, the lack of the specific terms in TL, the difference
in expressive meaning, semantically complex, the lack of the target background, and omission of words or idea 2004: 64-67.
From the review of studies above, it can be clearly seen that the above writers are discussing a similar topic, that is the difficulties of translating cultural
terms in Indonesian language. While in this thesis, the writer discusses the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms into Indonesian that
can give effects to the original story.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Translation Shift
Catford in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation states that the small linguistics changes that occur between source text and target text is
called translation shift 1965:73. The term “translation shifts” means “departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the source language SL to the target language TL. A shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation
equivalent other than the formal correspondent occurs for a specific SL element. Catford states that there are two major types of translation shifts. They are
level shifts and category shifts. By a shift of level we mean that an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.
ST : That young woman in red is the director’s wife. =phrase
TT :
Wanita muda yang bergaun merah itu istri Pak Direktur. =clause
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