b Mass nouns, e.g. advertising, music. c Proper nouns, e.g. Mars, the Thames.
The only nouns which normally occur in the plural are plural count nouns, i.e. nouns denoting ‘more than one’, e.g. two boys, the tables.
ii. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the singular. But special mention must be made of:
a some nouns which end in –s but are singular, e.g. news, names of diseases measles, mumps; subject names in –ics classics,
linguistics , some games billiards, dominos, some proper nouns
Athens, Brussels. b Some nouns which occur only in the plural, e.g. cattle, people, police,
the Middle Ages .
4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns
According to Effendi in Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan Benar
, Indonesian language does not use any affix to express plural forms. Reduplication is one marker to express plurality 1995:115-119.
1 Kegiatan-kegiatan itu bermanfaat bagi pembinaan minat baca masyarakat.
2 Para pelajar diberi kesempatan mengikuti kursus-kursus itu. The words kegiatan-kegiatan in 1 and kursus-kursus in 2 are
reduplication and meaning plural, more than one activity and more than one course. This case of reduplication is called complete reduplication, as can be seen
in the words kapal-kapal and ships in English form Oplt, 1966:263. If the reduplication words are deleted becoming kegiatan and kursus, the plural meaning
will lose and singular meaning will arise Effendi, 1995: 116. Sometimes reduplication is not used to express plurality. Some words
describing plural form can be used before the noun without any reduplication. 3 Para pengarang menolak gagasan seperti itu.
4 Banyak rumah yang hancur dilanda lahar panas. 5 Berapa pertanyaan yang dikemukakan guru itu?
6 Tidak semua kegiatan dilakukannya dengan baik. 7 Berbagai masalah didiskusikan dalam pertemuan itu.
The words pengarang in 3, rumah in 4, pertanyaan in 5, kegiatan in 6, and masalah in 7 are not reduplicated, but each expresses plurality because
those words are preceded by words related to numbers, those are para, banyak, berapa, semua,
and berbagai. 8 Pabrik yang besar-besar telah dibangun di negara itu.
9 Bermacam-macam buku yang dipamerkan dalam pameran itu. The words pabrik in 8 and buku in 9 express plurality although they do
not reduplicate. This is because these words are followed by other reduplicated words besar-besar and bermacam-macam. Sometimes there are words in
Indonesian language which are in singular form but meaning plural, as in 10 and 11.
10 Rakyat berjuang mempertahankan kemerdekaan. 11 Masyarakat di kampung itu bergotong-royong membangun jembatan.
Oplt states that sometimes reduplication can appear with the addition of the suffix –an to express collective terms.
buah fruit
buah-buahan fruits
daun leaf
daun-daunan leaves
Some nouns, when fully reduplicated, change their meaning although sometimes the meaning is similar or related.
mata eyes
langit sky
mata-mata spy langit-langit palate
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation
According to Chosefu, o
ne of the most recent developments in translation theory is the emergence of “Functionalist” approaches to translation. These
approaches emphasize the purpose or the function for which a translation is needed as the main criterion that determines how a translation is to be done
http:academic.sun.ac.za. Nord explains that in an ideal situation of translation, a client approaches a
translator for a service. The client gives as many details as possible about the translation purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and
the function of the translation. Nord also explains that the detailed information, which the client gives, constitutes a translation brief or commission. According to
Nord, the translation brief specifies the kind of translation that is expected by the client.
