Oplt states that sometimes reduplication can appear with the addition of the suffix –an to express collective terms.
buah fruit
buah-buahan fruits
daun leaf
daun-daunan leaves
Some nouns, when fully reduplicated, change their meaning although sometimes the meaning is similar or related.
mata eyes
langit sky
mata-mata spy langit-langit palate
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation
According to Chosefu, o
ne of the most recent developments in translation theory is the emergence of “Functionalist” approaches to translation. These
approaches emphasize the purpose or the function for which a translation is needed as the main criterion that determines how a translation is to be done
http:academic.sun.ac.za. Nord explains that in an ideal situation of translation, a client approaches a
translator for a service. The client gives as many details as possible about the translation purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and
the function of the translation. Nord also explains that the detailed information, which the client gives, constitutes a translation brief or commission. According to
Nord, the translation brief specifies the kind of translation that is expected by the client.
However, the translator’s role is considered as very crucial in the translation process, because he or she is ostensibly the expert in the translation
and should be responsible for ensuring that the assignment given in the translation brief is done satisfactorily. Nord explains that the translator studies the translation
brief and gives advice regarding the viability of the translation in view of the specifications given in the client. The other point raised by Nord is that whereas
the translation brief specifies what kind of translation is needed, this brief has to be negotiated between the client and the translator. Nord also states that
translators are not obliged to meet all the demands of the clients, but they have a moral responsibility not to deceive them. Therefore the translator is required to be
loyal to the specifications of the client without violating the original intentions of the source text ST author.
Nord, therefore, places an emphasis on two things: the client’s specifications in the translation brief and the need for the translator to maintain
loyalty to both the client and the author of the ST. That is what constitutes the “function-plus-loyalty” model.
Nord’s functionalist model implies that acceptability of a mother tongue translation can be achieved if the translator harmonizes the desired functions of the
target text with the original communicative functions of the source text. Nord’s functionalist model also implies that a translation that is done with total disregard of
the expectations of the target language community may be irrelevant to the actual needs of the clients and therefore unacceptable.
