in expressive meaning, semantically complex, the lack of the target background, and omission of words or idea 2004: 64-67.
From the review of studies above, it can be clearly seen that the above writers are discussing a similar topic, that is the difficulties of translating cultural
terms in Indonesian language. While in this thesis, the writer discusses the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms into Indonesian that
can give effects to the original story.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Translation Shift
Catford in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation states that the small linguistics changes that occur between source text and target text is
called translation shift 1965:73. The term “translation shifts” means “departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the source language SL to the target language TL. A shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation
equivalent other than the formal correspondent occurs for a specific SL element. Catford states that there are two major types of translation shifts. They are
level shifts and category shifts. By a shift of level we mean that an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.
ST : That young woman in red is the director’s wife. =phrase
TT :
Wanita muda yang bergaun merah itu istri Pak Direktur. =clause
Tou in
A Step into Translatics mentions four major types of category shift
2003:7. 1. Structure order shift
ST : A white house modifier
+ headword TT :Rumah putih
headword +
modifier 2. Class shift
ST : Medical faculty adjective
+ noun TT : Fakultas kedokteran
noun + noun 3. Unit
shift ST : A thinking person
word as modifier + headword
TT : Orang yang berpikir headword + clause as modifier
4. Intra-system shift
ST : Many teachers modifier +
plural noun TT : Banyak guru
modifier +
singular noun
2. Translation Process
Nababan in Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris defines a process of translation as the activities which are done by a translator when heshe transmits a
message from a source language SL into a target language TL 1999:24. The process of translation consists of three phases which are 1 analyzing
the SL, 2 transmitting the message, and 3 restructuring. Every translating activity starts with an SL analysis. An SL analysis
consists of a reading activity to understand the content of the text and the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
linguistics and the extra linguistics elements. Linguistics elements are the language elements such as sentence pattern, clause, phrase, word, etc., while extra
linguistics elements consist of elements outside the language, that is the socio- cultural of the SL.
After understanding the meaning and the structure of the SL, a translator can know the message of the text. The next step is to transmit the message into the
TL. In this phase, a translator has to find the equivalent word between SL and TL. This process is also known as mental process because it occurs in the translator’s
mind. After that, the translator transmits the message into the TL orally or written. The last phase is restructuring. It is a process in which a translator must
pay attention to the language of TL to find the accurate information with the SL. Also, heshe has to pay attention to the target readers of the translated text.
Bell in
Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice draws the
process of translation as follows. Memory
Source language text
Analysis Semantic
representation Synthesis
Target language text
Figure 1. The translation process
