Review of Related Studies

linguistics and the extra linguistics elements. Linguistics elements are the language elements such as sentence pattern, clause, phrase, word, etc., while extra linguistics elements consist of elements outside the language, that is the socio- cultural of the SL. After understanding the meaning and the structure of the SL, a translator can know the message of the text. The next step is to transmit the message into the TL. In this phase, a translator has to find the equivalent word between SL and TL. This process is also known as mental process because it occurs in the translator’s mind. After that, the translator transmits the message into the TL orally or written. The last phase is restructuring. It is a process in which a translator must pay attention to the language of TL to find the accurate information with the SL. Also, heshe has to pay attention to the target readers of the translated text. Bell in Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice draws the process of translation as follows. Memory Source language text Analysis Semantic representation Synthesis Target language text Figure 1. The translation process The model shows the transformation of an SL text into TL text by means of processes which take place within memory: 1 the analysis of one language- specific text the SL text into a universal non-language-specific text semantic representation, and 2 the synthesis of the semantic representation into a second language-specific text the TL text 1991:21.

3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns

Murphy in English Grammar In Use summarizes some rules on the use of singular and plural form 1985:156. i. We use some nouns only in the plural, e.g.: trousers jeans shorts ii. We don’t often use the plural of person ‘persons’. Instead we use people. iii. These nouns end in –s but they are not usually plural: mathematics physics news iv. Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb: government family audience v. Sometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We do this when we talk about sum of money, a period of time, a distance: five thousand pounds Leech and Svartvik in A Communicative Grammar of English also state some points on singular and plural use 1975:252. i. the nouns which are singular are: a Singular count nouns, i.e. nouns denoting ‘one’, e.g. a boy, the table. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI