Inaccuracy problems of translating english singular-plural forms in bradman`s and chatterton`s deadly game into permainan maut.

ABSTRACT

NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Deadly Game is a novel written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton which is translated into bahasa Indonesia by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan Maut. In doing the translation work, the writer finds out that the translator tends to translate the English singular-plural forms inaccurately that can result in problems.

In this thesis, the writer is discussing three main points. First is to find out and analyze the noun forms which are translated inaccurately and offer better revisions. The second point is to find out the effects of the inaccuracy which will also be expressed by some readers. The last point is to know why the translator chooses to translate the forms inaccurately.

In order to conduct the analysis, there are three important aspects that will be used. The first is to analyze the inaccurate translated English singular and plural forms by identifying two primary data, Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms which are also supported by some readers through questionnaires. The last aspect is to find out the reasons of the translator translating the English singular-plural forms inaccurately.

From the analysis, the writer finds out that there are 39 data which are translated inaccurately, in which 31 of them are the inaccurate translation of plural forms and 8 are the inaccurate translation of singular forms. It is also proved that the inaccuracy problems result in changes in meaning, perspective and atmosphere of the original story. According to the questionnaires which are distributed to five respondents, three of them argue that, regarding to singular-plural forms, Permainan Maut is inaccurate since the inaccuracy problems can decrease the meaning and the mental description of the real story while the other two respondents do not have the same opinion since the context and the terms used in the novel can be delivered clearly and fully to the target language readers. In fact, after conducting an interview with the translator, it is finally observed that the translator does not really realize of translating singular-plural forms inaccurately. He is trying to make the sentences effective and make the context suitable.

ABSTRAK

NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Deadly Game adalah novel yang ditulis oleh Tony Bradman dan Martin Chatterton dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Harris Setiajid dengan judul Permainan Maut. Dalam proses terjemahannya, penulis menemukan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris secara tidak akurat yang menyebabkan masalah.

Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membahas tiga poin penting. Pertama adalah menemukan dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kata benda yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat dan menawarkan revisi yang baik. Poin kedua adalah untuk mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan didukung oleh beberapa pembaca. Poin terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui alasan penerjemah memilih untuk menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat.

Untuk melakukan semua analisis, ada tiga aspek penting yang akan dibahas. Pertama adalah menganalisa ketidakakuratan dalam menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris melalui identifikasi data primer, Deadly Game dan Permainan Maut. Kedua adalah mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan diungkapkan oleh pembaca melalui kuisioner. Aspek terakhir adalah mengetahui alasan-alasan penerjemah menerjemahkan secara tidak akurat bentuk tunggal dan jamak tersebut.

Dari semua analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa ada 39 data yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat, yaitu 31 adalah ketidakakuratan menerjemahkan bentuk jamak dan 8 bentuk tunggal yang tidak akurat. Terbukti juga bahwa ketidakakuratan tersebut menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan pada arti, perspektif dan atmosfer pada cerita asli. Dari kuisioner yang dibagikan pada 5 responden, 3 di antaranya menyatakan bahwa, dari segi bentuk tunggal dan jamak, Permainan Maut tidak akurat karena menyebabkan pengurangan arti dan gambaran mental pada cerita asli sedangkan 2 responden tidak setuju karena konteks dan istilah-istilah yang digunakan dapat diterima dengan jelas dan penuh oleh para pembaca. Pada kenyataannya, setelah melakukan wawancara, ditelusuri juga bahwa penerjemah kurang menyadari telah menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat. Penerjemah mencoba membuat kalimat yang efektif dan menyesuaikan konteks.

INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH

SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND

CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

NOFI

Student Number: 044214013

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2008

INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH

SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND

CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

NOFI

Student Number: 044214013

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2008

Smile to the world,

and the world will smile back

FOR

MY BLESSED BUDDHA,

MY BELOVED PARENTS,

MY LOVELY SISTERS,

AND THOSE WHO KEEP BELIEVING

IN ME

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To begin, I would love to thank Buddha for giving me blessings to finish my thesis. This thesis would never be done without Him on my side and heart.

I would like to show my gratefulness to Sanata Dharma University for being the best place to study, to Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M. Hum. for his patience in guiding me doing this thesis and being my interviewed, to Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for the advices and suggestion, to all the English Letters lecturers for the willingness to improve my English skill, and to all the staffs for keeping this campus a comfort place

. To Mom, Dad, and all my sisters, Pipi, Epi, Eni, Lia, Santa and Ren-ren for giving me support, love and prayers so I can do my best. I am also very thankful to have best friends like Taini, Dita Ndutz, Disti, Rini, Indree, Lutfi, Sisca, Elin, and Pita in this campus. I hope one day we can have a picnic again. Also, I would like to thank my other friends in English Letters 2004. To my closest friends Fen-fen and Tita for the supports, to Hendra “Boy” for giving me spirit to keep moving on, to Oni for being my best cousin in happiness and sadness, and to all my friends in Palembang. I wish the best for them all.

Lastly, I would like to thank everyone whom I forgot to name. I thank them for always believing in anything that I have been doing. May God bless them all.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTENCE PAGE ... iii

MOTTO PAGE ………...…... iv

DEDICATION PAGE ………... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………... vii

ABSTRACT ………... ix

ABSTRAK ………... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………....… 1

A. Background of the Study …..………... 1

B. Problem Formulation ………...…….... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ………...….... 4

D. Definition of Terms ………..…... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………....…...…….... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ……….…... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ………....…....… 8

1. Translation Shift ………...… 8

2. Translation Process ………... 9

3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns ………...……. 11

4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns ... 12

5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation ………...… 14

6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol ………...… 16

C. Theoretical Framework ………... 18

D. Research Framework ………...….. 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……….……... 20

A. Object of the Study ………...……... 20

B. Method of the Study ………....……... 21

C. Research Procedure ………..……... 21

1. Data Source ……….………..…….... 21

2. Data Collection ……….…………...…….. 23

3. Data Analysis ……….…………...….……... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……….……... 26

A. The Inaccurate Translated English Singular and Plural Forms in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut ……….….. 26

1. The Inaccurate Translation of English Plural Forms …..…... 27

2. The Inaccurate Translation of English Singular Forms ……... 45

B. The Effects of the Inaccuracy Problems Caused by Translation Shift …….…... 50

C. The Reasons of the Translator in Making Translation Shift in

Permainan Maut ...………...….. 56

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………...… 58

A. Conclusion ………...…… 58

B. Suggestion ………..……….…… 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………..………...… 64

APPENDICES ………..……...……. 66

Appendix 1 The Result of Questionnaire ………..……...… 66

Appendix 2 The Accumulation of Scores ………..…….……. 67

Appendix 3 The Sample of Questionnaire …....……..……...…..……… 70

ABSTRACT

NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Deadly Game is a novel written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton which is translated into bahasa Indonesia by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan Maut. In doing the translation work, the writer finds out that the translator tends to translate the English singular-plural forms inaccurately that can result in problems.

In this thesis, the writer is discussing three main points. First is to find out and analyze the noun forms which are translated inaccurately and offer better revisions. The second point is to find out the effects of the inaccuracy which will also be expressed by some readers. The last point is to know why the translator chooses to translate the forms inaccurately.

In order to conduct the analysis, there are three important aspects that will be used. The first is to analyze the inaccurate translated English singular and plural forms by identifying two primary data, Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms which are also supported by some readers through questionnaires. The last aspect is to find out the reasons of the translator translating the English singular-plural forms inaccurately.

From the analysis, the writer finds out that there are 39 data which are translated inaccurately, in which 31 of them are the inaccurate translation of plural forms and 8 are the inaccurate translation of singular forms. It is also proved that the inaccuracy problems result in changes in meaning, perspective and atmosphere of the original story. According to the questionnaires which are distributed to five respondents, three of them argue that, regarding to singular-plural forms, Permainan Maut is inaccurate since the inaccuracy problems can decrease the meaning and the mental description of the real story while the other two respondents do not have the same opinion since the context and the terms used in the novel can be delivered clearly and fully to the target language readers. In fact, after conducting an interview with the translator, it is finally observed that the translator does not really realize of translating singular-plural forms inaccurately. He is trying to make the sentences effective and make the context suitable.

ABSTRAK

NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Deadly Game adalah novel yang ditulis oleh Tony Bradman dan Martin Chatterton dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Harris Setiajid dengan judul Permainan Maut. Dalam proses terjemahannya, penulis menemukan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris secara tidak akurat yang menyebabkan masalah.

Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membahas tiga poin penting. Pertama adalah menemukan dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kata benda yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat dan menawarkan revisi yang baik. Poin kedua adalah untuk mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan didukung oleh beberapa pembaca. Poin terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui alasan penerjemah memilih untuk menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat.

Untuk melakukan semua analisis, ada tiga aspek penting yang akan dibahas. Pertama adalah menganalisa ketidakakuratan dalam menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris melalui identifikasi data primer, Deadly Game dan Permainan Maut. Kedua adalah mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan diungkapkan oleh pembaca melalui kuisioner. Aspek terakhir adalah mengetahui alasan-alasan penerjemah menerjemahkan secara tidak akurat bentuk tunggal dan jamak tersebut.

Dari semua analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa ada 39 data yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat, yaitu 31 adalah ketidakakuratan menerjemahkan bentuk jamak dan 8 bentuk tunggal yang tidak akurat. Terbukti juga bahwa ketidakakuratan tersebut menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan pada arti, perspektif dan atmosfer pada cerita asli. Dari kuisioner yang dibagikan pada 5 responden, 3 di antaranya menyatakan bahwa, dari segi bentuk tunggal dan jamak, Permainan Maut tidak akurat karena menyebabkan pengurangan arti dan gambaran mental pada cerita asli sedangkan 2 responden tidak setuju karena konteks dan istilah-istilah yang digunakan dapat diterima dengan jelas dan penuh oleh para pembaca. Pada kenyataannya, setelah melakukan wawancara, ditelusuri juga bahwa penerjemah kurang menyadari telah menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat. Penerjemah mencoba membuat kalimat yang efektif dan menyesuaikan konteks.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

English is a world language. Most people use English almost in their everyday life. English is used mostly in communication, such as in conversation, teaching-learning process, mass media, songs, and so forth. English has also been used in literary works, especially novels.

Since many English books need to be translated, translation becomes very much helpful because most people in Indonesia do not have any skill and knowledge about other language except their mother-tongue. That is why most publishers try to make the novels sold-out by translating them into Indonesian.

Translation job is not easy. Someone must have basic knowledge about his/her own culture, the mastery of mother-tongue language, the basic knowledge about the theory of translation study, and so forth. Translation, since the first time it was known, has faced many debates. Many scientists still argue on the “real” meaning of translation.

According to Bell in his book entitled Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, translation should cover three understandings. First is translating as the process or the activity. Second is a translation as the product or the translated text. The third is translation as the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process (1991:19).

Translation can result in problems when a translator does not concern enough on the real message of the author. One of the examples is the rise of translation shift. Translation shift is the small linguistics changes that occur between source text (ST) and target text (TT) (Catford, 1965:73). One of the main focuses of translation shift covers a change from singular into plural forms and vice versa. One of the phenomenons of the translation shift can be seen in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Here, the translator tends to translate the singular forms into plural and plural forms into singular.

One of the examples is the translation of the clause reading one of his comics into sedang membaca komik. The problem of such case is that the idea that the author wants to say is not delivered correctly. The phrase one of his comics which is translated into komik changes in message. The author actually wants to say that Jake has many comics and he is reading one of them. In fact, the translator changes the message that Jake seems to have only one comic.

According to the writer, this phenomenon is worth to study because this shift might change the meaning of the source text. The occurrence of meaning changing that is caused by translation shift is very serious. It can cause two significant problems. First is the rise of the different aspect between the author’s idea and the reader’s perspective toward the idea. What the writer means here is that when an author decides to use a word, in consideration of singular and plural forms, he already has his own idea what the story will be.

The goal of the translator is to communicate to the receptor audience the same information and the same mood as was conveyed by the original document to the original audience (Larson, 1984:421).

If there is a shift in the target text, the readers, anyway, will receive a different idea. They may simply find the story boring than what the author wants to expect from them.

The second problem is that by a shift, a translator may find that the translation work is easy because in this case he prefers choosing to shift some words rather than trying to find a relevancy in language between the word in the source text and target text. Meaning to say, the translator may consider a translation shift as his second alternative when he thinks a word will be heard awkward when it is translated into other language as what it is supposed to be.

English and Indonesian language have equivalence, especially in singular and plural forms. If for example there is a word eyes in English, by considering the equivalence to Indonesian language, it is better to say sepasang mata, instead of translating the word into its singular form mata although Indonesian people widely consider mata as plural form.

From all the arguments about the study of translation above, the writer wants to study further about translation. The topic “Inaccuracy in Translating English Singular and Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut” will focus on the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms. The writer finds that the translator tends to translate the English singular and plural forms inaccurately, and because of the inaccuracy matters the

writer also identifies that it gives some effects toward the original story. That is why the writer thinks that this thesis is worth studying.

There will be some findings on the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms and the effects toward its original story. In the discussion later, it will also be observed the reasons of the translator translating English singular and plural forms inaccurately.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to guide and limit the points of discussion and make the writing clear, some questions which are related to the topic have been prepared. The questions are formulated as follows.

1. What are the English singular and plural forms translated inaccurately found in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut?

2. How do the inaccurate English singular and plural forms affect the original story Deadly Game?

3. Why does the translator tend to translate the English singular and plural forms inaccurately in the translated novel Permainan Maut?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems above, there are three objectives of the study. First is to identify the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and

plural forms toward the original novel Deadly Game. The last is to know the reasons why the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms is made by the translator in the translated novel Permainan Maut.

D. Definition of Terms

Some words related to the research will be defined in order to help the writer analyze the topic. In this part, the writer will use some sources in order to give the most appropriate definition of the specific terms.

Translation

According to Catford in A Linguistics Theory of Translation, translation is “The replacement of textual material in one language (the source language, SL), by equivalent textual material in one language (the target language, TL).” (1965:20)

Larson states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure (1984:3).

Nida in Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translation states that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style (1969:12).

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a process in which the message of one language (source language) is transmitted into another language.

Translation Shift

Vinay and Darbelnet (in Newmark’s A Textbook of Translation, 1988) define translation shift or transposition as a translation procedure involving a change in grammar from source language into target language. What is meant by “change” include the change from singular into plural, adjective into noun, and vice versa, passive voice into active voice.

Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the small linguistic changes that occur between source text and target text.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Yunita Wulansari in her undergraduate thesis entitled Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Camar into the Weavebirds discusses some cultural nouns which exist in Indonesian culture are untranslatable. She states that there are 48 Javanese culture-bound expressions which are found in the novel, based on concrete and abstract equivalences. The concrete concepts found are names of species that are not common in the TL, types of food, location, tool, clothes, etc. The abstract concepts are calendar system in Javanese, nobility title, traditional games, art, belief and superstition, etc. (2007:57-59).

Another study is from Henny Waty in The Problems of Translating Inyik Lunak Si Tukang Cenang, Jakarta Sunyi Sekali di Malam Hari, and Mata Yang Indah in the Anthology Mata yang Indah. She discusses the difficulties in translating some words in Indonesian culture which do not have equivalent in English. Some words which are close to the Indonesian culture, e.g. gembong, lepau, oplet, muhrim, dangdut and malam lebaran do not have the equivalent in English because they only exist in Indonesian. That is why the English words are inappropriate in meaning. She states some factors referring to the above problems, such as different culture, the consideration of the same function, the lack of the specific terms in TL, the difference

in expressive meaning, semantically complex, the lack of the target background, and omission of words or idea (2004: 64-67).

From the review of studies above, it can be clearly seen that the above writers are discussing a similar topic, that is the difficulties of translating cultural terms in Indonesian language. While in this thesis, the writer discusses the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms into Indonesian that can give effects to the original story.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Translation Shift

Catford in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation states that the small linguistics changes that occur between source text and target text is called translation shift (1965:73).

The term “translation shifts” means “departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). A shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation equivalent other than the formal correspondent occurs for a specific SL element.

Catford states that there are two major types of translation shifts. They are level shifts and category shifts. By a shift of level we mean that an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.

ST : That young woman in red is the director’s wife. (=phrase) TT : Wanita muda yang bergaun merah itu istri Pak Direktur. (=clause)

Tou in A Step into Translatics mentions four major types of category shift (2003:7).

1. Structure (order) shift

ST : A white house modifier + headword TT :Rumah putih headword + modifier 2. Class shift

ST : Medical faculty adjective + noun TT : Fakultas kedokteran noun + noun 3. Unit shift

ST : A thinking person word as modifier + headword TT : Orang yang berpikir headword + clause as modifier 4. Intra-system shift

ST : Many teachers modifier + plural noun TT : Banyak guru modifier + singular noun

2. Translation Process

Nababan in Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris defines a process of translation as the activities which are done by a translator when he/she transmits a message from a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) (1999:24).

The process of translation consists of three phases which are (1) analyzing the SL, (2) transmitting the message, and (3) restructuring.

Every translating activity starts with an SL analysis. An SL analysis consists of a reading activity to understand the content of the text and the

linguistics and the extra linguistics elements. Linguistics elements are the language elements such as sentence pattern, clause, phrase, word, etc., while extra linguistics elements consist of elements outside the language, that is the socio-cultural of the SL.

After understanding the meaning and the structure of the SL, a translator can know the message of the text. The next step is to transmit the message into the TL. In this phase, a translator has to find the equivalent word between SL and TL. This process is also known as mental process because it occurs in the translator’s mind. After that, the translator transmits the message into the TL orally or written.

The last phase is restructuring. It is a process in which a translator must pay attention to the language of TL to find the accurate information with the SL. Also, he/she has to pay attention to the target readers of the translated text.

Bell in Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice draws the process of translation as follows.

Memory Source language

text Analysis

Semantic representation

Synthesis Target language

text

The model shows the transformation of an SL text into TL text by means of processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one language-specific text (the SL text) into a universal (non-language-language-specific text) semantic representation, and (2) the synthesis of the semantic representation into a second language-specific text (the TL text) (1991:21).

3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns

Murphy in English Grammar In Use summarizes some rules on the use of singular and plural form (1985:156).

i. We use some nouns only in the plural, e.g.: trousers jeans shorts

ii. We don’t often use the plural of person (‘persons’). Instead we use people. iii. These nouns end in –s but they are not usually plural:

mathematics physics news

iv. Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb:

government family audience

v. Sometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We do this when we talk about sum of money, a period of time, a distance:

five thousand pounds

Leech and Svartvik in A Communicative Grammar of English also state some points on singular and plural use (1975:252).

i. the nouns which are singular are:

(b) Mass nouns, e.g. advertising, music. (c) Proper nouns, e.g. Mars, the Thames.

The only nouns which normally occur in the plural are plural count nouns, i.e. nouns denoting ‘more than one’, e.g. two boys, the tables.

ii. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the singular. But special mention must be made of:

(a) some nouns which end in –s but are singular, e.g. news, names of diseases (measles, mumps); subject names in –ics (classics, linguistics), some games (billiards, dominos), some proper nouns (Athens, Brussels).

(b) Some nouns which occur only in the plural, e.g. cattle, people, police, the Middle Ages.

4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns

According to Effendi in Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan Benar, Indonesian language does not use any affix to express plural forms. Reduplication is one marker to express plurality (1995:115-119).

(1) Kegiatan-kegiatan itu bermanfaat bagi pembinaan minat baca masyarakat.

(2) Para pelajar diberi kesempatan mengikuti kursus-kursus itu.

The words kegiatan-kegiatan in (1) and kursus-kursus in (2) are reduplication and meaning plural, more than one activity and more than one course. This case of reduplication is called complete reduplication, as can be seen

in the words kapal-kapal and ships in English form (Oplt, 1966:263). If the reduplication words are deleted becoming kegiatan and kursus, the plural meaning will lose and singular meaning will arise (Effendi, 1995: 116).

Sometimes reduplication is not used to express plurality. Some words describing plural form can be used before the noun without any reduplication.

(3) Para pengarang menolak gagasan seperti itu. (4) Banyak rumah yang hancur dilanda lahar panas. (5) Berapa pertanyaan yang dikemukakan guru itu? (6) Tidak semua kegiatan dilakukannya dengan baik. (7) Berbagai masalah didiskusikan dalam pertemuan itu.

The words pengarang in (3), rumah in (4), pertanyaan in (5), kegiatan in (6), and masalah in (7) are not reduplicated, but each expresses plurality because those words are preceded by words related to numbers, those are para, banyak, berapa, semua, and berbagai.

(8) Pabrik yang besar-besar telah dibangun di negara itu.

(9) Bermacam-macam buku yang dipamerkan dalam pameran itu.

The words pabrik in (8) and buku in (9) express plurality although they do not reduplicate. This is because these words are followed by other reduplicated words besar-besar and bermacam-macam. Sometimes there are words in Indonesian language which are in singular form but meaning plural, as in (10) and (11).

(10) Rakyat berjuang mempertahankan kemerdekaan.

Oplt states that sometimes reduplication can appear with the addition of the suffix –an to express collective terms.

buah (fruit) buah-buahan (fruits) daun (leaf) daun-daunan (leaves)

Some nouns, when fully reduplicated, change their meaning although sometimes the meaning is similar or related.

mata (eyes) langit (sky) mata-mata (spy) langit-langit (palate)

5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation

According to Chosefu, one of the most recent developments in translation theory is the emergence of “Functionalist” approaches to translation. These approaches emphasize the purpose or the function for which a translation is needed as the main criterion that determines how a translation is to be done (http://academic.sun.ac.za).

Nord explains that in an ideal situation of translation, a client approaches a translator for a service. The client gives as many details as possible about the translation purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and the function of the translation. Nord also explains that the detailed information, which the client gives, constitutes a translation brief or commission. According to Nord, the translation brief specifies the kind of translation that is expected by the client.

However, the translator’s role is considered as very crucial in the translation process, because he or she is ostensibly the expert in the translation and should be responsible for ensuring that the assignment given in the translation brief is done satisfactorily. Nord explains that the translator studies the translation brief and gives advice regarding the viability of the translation in view of the specifications given in the client. The other point raised by Nord is that whereas the translation brief specifies what kind of translation is needed, this brief has to be negotiated between the client and the translator. Nord also states that translators are not obliged to meet all the demands of the clients, but they have a moral responsibility not to deceive them. Therefore the translator is required to be loyal to the specifications of the client without violating the original intentions of the source text (ST) author.

Nord, therefore, places an emphasis on two things: the client’s specifications in the translation brief and the need for the translator to maintain loyalty to both the client and the author of the ST. That is what constitutes the “function-plus-loyalty” model.

Nord’s functionalist model implies that acceptability of a mother tongue translation can be achieved if the translator harmonizes the desired functions of the target text with the original communicative functions of the source text. Nord’s functionalist model also implies that a translation that is done with total disregard of the expectations of the target language community may be irrelevant to the actual needs of the clients and therefore unacceptable.

6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol

Campbell in Translation into the Second Language states the definition on TAP procedure.

By psychological modelling of the translation process, I mean attempts to infer mental constructs from empirical data. This could be done by mapping the inferred mental constructs in translators of different levels of ability, or longitudinally in student translators (1998:6).

Another definition comes from Dancette in Comprehension in the Translation Process: An Analysis of Thinking-Aloud Protocol collected in Dollerup and Lindegaard’s Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2.

When dealing with protocols, it is necessary to be aware of the fact that protocols, even when they are combined with questionnaires and interviews, are only a posteriori and clumsy and possibly false justification for a performance (1994:120).

As stated by Hom in Thinking Aloud Protocol that although the main benefit of TAP is a better understanding of the user's mental model and interaction with the product, other benefits can be gained as well. For example, the terminology the user uses to express an idea or function should be incorporated into the product design or at least its documentation (jthom.best.vwh.net /usability/thnkalod.htm).

A paper entitled Using Protocol Analysis to Explore the Creative Requirements Engineering Process states that there are two kinds of approaches to data collection in protocol analysis, they are concurrent and retrospective (http://epress.anu.edu.au).

Concurrent protocols are generated when the problem solver verbalizes their thoughts while working on a specific task. First, the problem solver is trained to verbalize his or her thoughts using a thinking aloud technique. Second, with a given task, the problem solver verbalizes his or her thoughts while working on a given task. The process is video and/or audio taped, and transcribed. As a result, a thinking-aloud concurrent protocol acts as the generator of the data source, which is then later coded and analyzed.

Retrospective protocols conduct interviews with the problem solver after the problem solving process, usually immediately. During the interview, the problem solver is asked to recall his or her activities. Interviews are audio and/or videotaped and transcribed. The generated retrospective protocols serve as data for later coding and analysis to reconstruct the problem solving process and gain insight into what happened during the process.

According to Ruuskanen in Creating the ‘Other’: A Pragmatic Translation Tool in Nababan’s Arah Penelitian Penerjemahan, generally a professional translator already has a description about the target text readers, and sometimes when interviewed or asked to fill a questionnaire, there is a possibility that some things which are expressed by the translator are different from what he did when doing a translation work (http://iasiuns.blogspot.com).

C. Theoretical Framework

This research aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously. In this part, the application of the theories on the research will be

explained. Theories on translation shift, translation process, theories on English singular and plural nouns and theories on Indonesian singular and plural nouns are to answer the first question. The first theory discusses the explanation and the types of shift in translation. The second theory describes the process of translating an SL text into TL text. The third and the fourth theories explain the basic rules and usage of English singular and plural form and Indonesian singular and plural nouns.

The second question is dealt with the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural form into Indonesian. The previous analysis is needed in answering the question. Also, as a supportive data, the writer needs the opinions of some readers whether they consider Permainan Maut is accurate or not regarding the singular-plural forms. That is why some notes on functionalism in translation are used. It is used as guidance to get the reaction of the readers and to know their comments about the inaccuracy data through questionnaire, how it gives effect toward the original story.

In answering the third question, the writer will use some notes on thinking-aloud protocol as basic guidance to conduct an interview with the translator of the novel. These notes can help the writer find out the methodology of the translator in translating Deadly Game and at the same time find out the reasons of making translation shift in Permainan Maut.

D. Research Framework

To make clear the steps and the goal of this thesis, the writer has provided a diagram to describe the flow of the research.

Meaning shift Translation shift Accurate/inaccurate

Effects of inaccuracy TT

Permainan Maut

Translator

ST Deadly Game

Data compilation STplural → TTsingular STsingular→ TTplural

Inaccuracy analysis

Readers:

R1= English lecturer in Sanata Dharma University R2= English lecturer in Duta

Wacana Christian University R3+R4= English Letters students R5= English instructor in Adista

Aviation Training Center

Reasons of making shift

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

Since the thesis is trying to identify the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms, to find the effects of the inaccuracy toward its original story, and to know the reasons why the translator tends to make the inaccuracy, the data needed are the source novel Deadly Game which is written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton and the translated version Permainan Maut by Harris Setiajid.

The writer uses a short story by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton entitled Deadly Game. This novel consists of 105 pages, and is published by Egmont Books Limited, London in 2004. The Indonesian version Permainan Maut is translated by Harris Hermansyah Setiajid and published by Kanisius Yogyakarta in 2004.

Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game is a thriller story. It tells about a little boy named Jake who is very bad to his sister, Hannah. One day he refuses playing with her, and that makes her very angry. She then wishes that her imaginary friend can replace her brother by touching the Heart Stone. It does happen. The story ends with the trial of killing Jake by Hannah’s imaginary friend. At last, Jake can be a brother for Hannah again and he promises that he will be very nice to Hannah and his parents.

B. Method of the Study

The thesis will use three data sources which cover three aspects. The first aspect is the identification of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in both novels. In this aspect, the writer is positioned as a linguist in which the analysis will be segmental. The first aspect will also help the writer to find the effects that arise. To support the argument, the second aspect, that is conducting a questionnaire distribution, is used to summarize the general effects of the inaccuracy problems toward its original story stated by the readers. The last aspect includes an interview with the translator to find out the reasons of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms.

C. Research Procedure 1. Data Source

To support the writer in answering the questions which were formulated, there would be three main sources that were used in this thesis.

The first source was two main objects. The first was the source novel entitled Deadly Game which was written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton. This novel was published in 2004 and consisted of 105 pages. This novel was included as a horror story for children above 7 years. The second main object was the translated novel of Deadly Game which was done by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan Maut. This novel was published by Kanisius Yogyakarta in 2004.

The second source was considered as a supportive source. It was used to show that some readers also found the different meaning between Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. The main concern of this source was the readers of both novels. In applying this source, the writer would have 5 respondents. These five respondents were enough for the writer to gain any opinions and arguments which expressed agreement or disagreement with the writer. The respondents should be bilingual (mastering English and Indonesian language) since the thesis was discussing two languages and to help them easier understand both stories and find the differences between the stories in terms of singular and plural nouns. They were asked to fill the questionnaires that had been prepared by the writer. The respondents came from different backgrounds of education.

The first respondent (R1) is a translation expert. She is a lecturer of English Letters in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta. Graduating from Ohio State University for being a master, she ever translated a novel of the same authors of Deadly Game entitled Final Cut which was also published by Kanisius Yogyakarta.

The second respondent (R2) is an English lecturer. She is teaching in Duta Wacana Christian University Yogyakarta. She is also the head of English Learning Practice Program in the university.

The next two respondents are the students of English Letters in Sanata Dharma University. They are doing their thesis on literature. The first respondent (R3) ever joined the class of Translation 3 delivered by Harris Setiajid. She also discussed the problems in translating Deadly Game when asked to do a final

paper. The second student (R4) is one of the smartest students in 2004 class. She ever received a Faculty Award of getting the highest GPA in the year 2006-2007.

The last respondent (R5) is an English instructor in AATC (Adista Aviation Training Center). She is a Master of Management graduated from Indonesia Islamic University.

The main object of the third source was the translator of Bradman and Chatterton’s Deadly Game. He is a lecturer of linguistics in Sanata Dharma University. He is also one of translation lecturers.

2. Data Collection

As the first object of the study was identifying the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms, the procedure of the research would be documenting, that is analyzing the short story and identifying the translated novel.

To collect the data, there were two kinds of procedures that the writer did. First of all, the writer read the story in order to have better understanding of the story itself and to find English singular and plural forms used in it. The analysis aimed to know the types of nouns that were used; whether they were singular or plural. After collecting, the writer made a list of the noun numbers.

The second procedure aimed to find the translated English singular and plural forms into Indonesian language through the deep observation from the translated novel. The writer observed the translated novel containing the Indonesian singular and plural forms.

In answering the second problem, the writer still used the analysis in previous problems. As a comparative and supportive data, the writer would conduct a questionnaire distribution to some reliable respondents to get the opinions of the readers. The writer distributed the data which contained the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game to some readers. The next step was to distribute some questions which the writer had prepared related to the effects of the inaccuracy. The last step was to conclude the opinion of the readers.

To answer the third problem, the writer would conduct an interview with the translator. After finished reading a reference book as guidance, the writer prepared some proportional questions. This method would be an exclusive interview with the translator. In this method, the writer would also show some examples of the translation results to the translator. This way would be very important to support asking some other related questions that had been prepared. A recorder would also be used to help the writer remind the answers and as a factual proof.

3. Data Analysis

Since the writer used two primary data in answering the first problem, there were two kinds of data analysis that the writer did. First was to identify the source text Deadly Game. In this step, the writer read the novel and made a list of noun forms that were used. After that, the writer analyzed the patterns, whether

they were singular or plural based on the theories by Murphy, Leech and Svartvik. The last step was to classify the nouns based on their types.

The similar steps were also done for the target text Permainan Maut. The writer read the novel and classified the nouns whether they were singular or plural based on the theories by Effendi and Oplt. Then, the writer made a list of the nouns which were translated from the source text. The next step was to find out whether the forms were translated accurately or not by comparing both novels. The final step was to analyze the forms and to find out the better translation.

In answering the second question, the writer did two steps. The first step was an individual argument on the effects of the inaccuracy problems gained from previous analysis. As a supportive data, the writer would jump into the second step in which the writer would use the questionnaires that had been distributed to some readers. From the questionnaires, the writer read the answers and divided the respondents who agreed that the source text, regarding the singular-plural forms, was accurately translated and respondents who agreed that the source text was translated inaccurately. The last step was to write down the opinions of the respondents in the analysis.

To support answering the third question, the interview which was conducted would be a useful tool. From the interview, the writer listened to the recorder and wrote down the answers. The writer also concluded some main points of the reasons the translator made translation shift. The last step was to summarize the answers and write down them in the third analysis.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer will analyze the topic by answering the research questions previously written in the problem formulation. There are three major divisions of discussion, and each will represent the answer of each question.

A. The Inaccurate Translated English Singular and Plural Forms in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut

There are 39 phrases and clauses containing singular and plural forms that are translated inaccurately which are found in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Those 39 phrases and clauses will be discussed one by one. There will be two subdivisions in discussing the inaccurate translated singular and plural forms.

In answering the first problem, the writer provides a scoring system based on Nababan’s accuracy indicator and accuracy category with modification in Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan collected in Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa (2004:54-65).

Score Accuracy Indicator

1 The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The sentences can be understood clearly. Rewriting is not needed

2 The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The sentences can be understood clearly, but a little restructuring and rewriting are needed.

3 The content of the ST is not conveyed accurately to the TT. Some problems related with diction, phrases, clauses, and other sentence

elements. Some restructuring and rewriting are needed.

4 Some ST sentences are not translated into TT. Deliberately omitted. The TT content is different from ST.

Score Accuracy Category

1 Accurate translation

2 Quite accurate

3 Not accurate

4 Inaccurate

1. The Inaccurate Translation of English Plural Forms

The first analysis lies on the inaccuracy in translating plural forms into singular in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. There are 31 phrases and clauses that are found translated inaccurately. In the analysis, the writer also provides the source text and target text that contain the inaccuracy.

No. Source Text Target Text

1. …, reading one of his comics for the umpteenth time,…

…, sedang membaca komik. Komik itu telah ia baca untuk kesekian kalinya.

The above sentence is said to be inaccurately translated seen from the phrase one of his comics which is translated into komik. The translator changes the meaning of the phrase because the phrase one of his comics shows that Jake has many comics and he is reading one of them, while the translator means to say that Jake has only one comic and he is reading it. The existence of the plural form one of his comics also describes the characteristics of Jakes in which he prefers enjoying himself by reading all his comics again and again instead of getting intimate with his family.

The above data is given a score 3 because the translator adds a sentence to the target text, Komik itu telah ia baca untuk kesekian kalinya, beside inaccurately translates the phrase one of his comics into komiknya. The better translation is sedang membaca salah satu koleksi komiknya untuk kesekian kalinya.

2. .., keeping his head to shield his eyes from the bright morning sunshine.

Kepalanya menunduk untuk

menghindari sinar matahari pagi,…

The next inaccuracy is seen from the sentence above. The score 4 is given in consideration that the verb to shield his eyes is deliberately omitted. In the source text, it is clearly said that Jake is protecting his eyes from the sunshine. The translator in the target text, in other way, is simply saying that Jake is trying to hide from the sunshine. The translator obviously deletes the phrase his eyes. Normally, part of the body that a human wants to protect from sunshine is eyes, it is better to translate the source text into kepalanya menunduk untuk melindungi kedua matanya dari silau matahari pagi.

3. …, doors being opened and closed, footsteps, his parents’ voices calling.

…, pintu yang dibuka kemudian ditutup, langkah-langkah kaki, dan suara ayah dan ibunya memanggil-manggil namanya.

The decision to give the text above a 2 is suitable since the translator does not accurately translate the word doors although the readers can still understand the story. The word is translated into singular noun, pintu. It is different from the translation of footsteps into langkah-langkah kaki. Although this case does not mean very much, but it is obviously seen that the author wants to say that Jake’s parents are looking for him all around the house, from door to door. Moreover, the translation of the word voices into its singular form suara is correct since the word

memanggil-manggil that follows the word suara represents plural form. To appreciate the author’s idea, it is better to translate the inaccurate noun doors into pintu-pintu.

4. The words are muffled,… Suaranya tidak begitu jelas,…

The next case is the translation of the words into suaranya. It is obviously different in meaning because the author means to say that Jake cannot clearly listen what his parents are talking about. Jake knows that his parents are talking about something, but he cannot clearly listen what it is about. If it is translated into suaranya, it means that Jake can hear what his parents are talking about, the problem is that their voices are disturbed by other voice. In other word, it is obviously seen that the content in the source text is not conveyed accurately to the target text in which the translator is in difficulty to find the most appropriate translation for the word the words which also means that the translation above is given a 3. To make it good, the sentence kata-katanya tidak begitu jelas will sound suitable.

5. The bench is hard to see from the bedrooms and the kitchen window.

Bangku yang didudukinya terletak agak tersembunyi di belakang, tidak kelihatan dari kamar tidur atau jendela dapur pondok.

There are two problems which make the sentence is given a 3. The first case is the inaccurate translation bedrooms into kamar tidur. It is also included as a small case because the meaning is not wholly different. In this case, if the word bedrooms is translated into kamar tidur, it seems that the bench is hardly seen from only one bedroom, it can be Jake’s room. The author means that the bench is

somewhere in the garden and it is hardly seen from every side of the house. The better translation will be seluruh kamar tidur.

The second problem lies on the addition of the information. The inappropriate addition is Bangku yang didudukinya terletak agak tersembunyi di belakang. Considering the previous information that Jake is sitting on a bench in his back garden and reading his comic, the addition is actually unimportant. It will be best if the translated version is rewritten into Bangku tersebut hampir tidak terlihat dari seluruh kamar tidur dan jendela dapur pondok.

7. ‘We’re going to see the stones, Jake,’ she says. ‘The magic

stones.’

‘Kita akan melihat batu, Kak,’ katanya. ‘Batu ajaib.’

The word the stones above are translated inaccurately into batu which means that the score 3 is given. In meaning, surely it rises a difference. The word the stones means that there are many stones in the place where Jake and his family will visit. If it is translated into batu, it seems that there is only one stone and it is magical, then the story will not be interesting and horror anymore. The best translation of the word the stones are batu-batu since the sentence is said by a little girl.

A score 2 is given for judging the translation below. The inaccuracy is when translating a subtitle, the translator treats a similar way as translating the story.

8. Human Sacrifices Korban Manusia

The problem above is the inaccurate translation of the word Sacrifices into Korban. If it is translated into singular noun, it seems that the human that is

sacrificed is only one. This can rise a different atmosphere toward its original story. Moreover, this is a special case because the phrase Human Sacrifices is the subtitle of the story of Deadly Game. To make the story being more striking and horror, it is better to translate the phrase Human Sacrifices into Korban-korban Manusia.

9. Then he sees that the stones are fenced off, and realizes that to reach them you have to pass through the Visitor Centre, which seems very busy.

Ternyata lokasi batu melingkar berpagar tinggi. Untuk mencapainya mereka harus lewat Pusat Informasi Wisata, yang saat itu tampak sesak.

The translated sentence above is given 4 because it is absolutely different from the original text. From the first sentence, it can be seen that the translator has different perspective with the author. First is the inaccurate translation of the stones into lokasi batu melingkar. If the translator chooses to say location, it means that the parking area and the information centre are also fenced off. It is much better to say keep translating the stones into batu-batu tersebut.

The second case is seen from the translation of them and you into –nya and mereka. It is obviously seen that the pronoun them is referring to the phrase the stones, in which the pronoun them is better changed into ke sana since it can represent the area of the stones. Also, the personal pronoun you is referring to the readers. When the translator writes you into mereka, he excludes the readers from the story in which the author wants to make the readers get included in the story.

The best solution to reconstruct the sentence above is Kemudian dia melihat bahwa batu-batu tersebut dipagar tinggi dan untuk mencapai ke sana kamu harus melewati Pusat Informasi Wisata yang saat itu tampak sesak.

10. There are no inner walls Tak ada dinding penyekat di dalamnya.

Since the case above is only the inaccurate translation of English plural form walls, the score 2 is suitable. In the original story, the author means to say that there is a big hall with no walls to separate the hall into many small rooms. In the translated version, the translator means that there is a big hall without a wall to separate the hall into two smaller rooms. Again, there is a different perspective between the author and the translator. To make it similar, it will be best to translate the sentence above into Tidak ada dinding-dinding penyekat di dalamnya.

11. …, and red arrows pointed on the floor show you which way to go.

Tanda panah berwarna merah yang ada di lantai menunjukkan arah ke mana mereka harus pergi.

The wrong translation of plural form into singular lies on the phrase red arrows and it is better to score it a 2 because there are two problems that are resulted. In the translated story, the phrase red arrows is translated shortly into tanda panah berwarna merah. Considering that in the original story the author says that there is more than one arrow and that the readers have the knowledge about colours, it is best to translate the phrase into panah-panah merah.

Again, the problem of excluding the readers from the story arises in the translated story. The pronoun you is translated into mereka. To avoid this exclusion, it is much better to change the pronoun and translate the sentence above into panah-panah merah yang ada di lantai menandakan arah yang harus kamu lewati.

13. The displays had explained that the circle was probably some kind of temple, a place where people

had gathered to watch priests

performing rituals.

Gambar itu menunjukkan bahwa lingkaran tersebut seperti semacam kuil, tempat orang-orang berkumpul untuk menyaksikan pendeta

melakukan suaturitual.

The translation of the words the displays, priests, and rituals which are made singular nouns and the noun people which is made singular are the reason why the target text above is given a 3. The inaccuracy translation is very significant in the interpretation. When the translator employs the word gambar for displays, pendeta for priests and suatu ritual for rituals, it makes the story less striking because if these words are in singular forms, it seems that the activity and the objects are ordinary one. It is better to translate them according to their plural forms: gambar-gambar for the displays, para pendeta for priests and ritual-ritual for rituals. For the word gambar-gambar, it is better if translated into gambar-gambar yang ada di ruang pameran tadi. It is considered from the plot that before entering the computer terminals, Jake sees the exhibits and displays first. For the noun people, it is better to say orang since in Indonesian language, orang can represent a plural meaning.

14. They must have gone in for human sacrifices too…

Mereka pasti menjadikan manusia sebagai korban persembahan...

The case above is similar to the case of the translation Human Sacrifices into Korban Manusia. The difference lies on the sentence structure in the target text. In this case, the translator still translates the plural noun sacrifices into its singular form in different structure. Other mistake that the translator does is deleting the word too which makes the story become less scary. In conclusion, the

score 4 is given. The sentence above is better reconstructed into Mereka juga pasti menjadikan manusia sebagai korban-korban persembahan.

15. It’s so easy for her to say those things.

Mudah bagi ibunya untuk bicara

seperti itu.

The inaccurate translation of the phrase those things into seperti itu has caused a change in meaning. In the source text, the author chooses to use the phrase those things to mean that Jake’s mother is giving some advices and understanding for being very unfair to him. In the target text, the translator changes the meaning into seperti itu which possibly describes the way or manner of speaking of Jake’s mother. Instead of rising an ambiguity and avoiding a score 2 for the text, it is most appropriate to translate the phrase into hal-hal seperti itu.

16. The rest of the circle is made up of similar stones arranged in the same way, although some have fallen and left large gaps.

Batu melingkar itu terbuat dari batu yang sama dengan batu di pintu masuk dan tertata membentuk lingkaran. Beberapa batu bagian atas telah jatuh sehingga yang tampak hanya dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri.

There are two main reasons the translated text is given a 4. First, the inaccurate translation is risen in the phrase similar stones into batu yang sama. Considering that in the previous story when they just arrived, Jake could see many stones which were fenced off, the phrase similar stones is better translated into batu-batu yang sama to describe that the circle is made of some stones which are arranged into a circle. If it is translated into batu yang sama, it means that there is no circle stone, but there is a stone which is shaped circular. It is very important to keep adding the sentence batu di pintu masuk to explain that the stones are all similar.

Also, the inaccurate translation exists in the clause left large gaps. When reading the target text, the readers can perceive clearly that it is true that there is no circle stone because of the translation of the clause left large gaps into sehingga yang tampak hanya dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri. This can happen because the readers understand the clause dua buah batu tinggi yang tegak berdiri as a pillar. In the Indonesian people’s mind, if there are two tall stones standing upright, it is called pillar. Moreover, the meaning is fully changed between the source text and the target text for the sentence above.

The most suitable translation for the sentence above is batu-batu tersebut sama dengan yang di pintu masuk dan tertata membentuk lingkaran, walaupun beberapa telah jatuh dan menciptakan jarak yang cukup luas di antara bebatuan tersebut.

17. Jake sees that there’s also an inner ring of smaller stones.

Jake melihat bahwa di dalam batu melingkar terdapat sebuah lingkaran dalam yang terbuat dari batu yang lebih kecil.

The similar case also exists in the above sentence. Here, the translator is made confused in differentiating the circle stone and the inner ring which makes him decide to say batu melingkar and lingkaran dalam in which they are different in interpretation. As a result, a score 3 is given for the target text.

Another problem is the inaccurate translation of the phrase smaller stones into batu yang lebih kecil which causes a change in idea. If the idea of smaller stones is considered as a singular noun in Indonesian language, it means that the setting of the story is different. In the source text, it is said that there is an inner ring made of stones with smaller size. In the Indonesian version, the readers can

interpret the meaning batu yang lebih kecil as one single stone with small size, then it will erase the existence of inner ring because the ring itself will not exist since it is made of a small stone.

Meaning to say, the best translation of the sentence above is Jake melihat bahwa di dalam lingkaran tersebut terdapat lingkaran lagi yang tersusun dari batu-batu yang lebih kecil.

19. “No, thanks,” he says. “I don’t play stupid baby games.”

”Tidak!” jawab Jake. ”Aku tidak mau bermain permainan tolol seperti itu!”

The inaccurate translation of the phrase stupid baby games into permainan tolol seperti itu has affected the original story, especially to Jake’s characteristic. In the source text, it is clearly seen that the author chooses to use plural noun games to describe that Jake really hates his sister and he does not want to be very intimate with her. On the contrary, in the target text, the translator chooses to translate the noun into singular form. As the effect, the readers can interpret that Jake does not want to play hide and seek with Hannah, he possibly wants to play another game with her.

Also, the deletion of the word thanks in the target text has lessened the tough characteristic of Jake. The word thanks above can emphasize that Jake really does not want to play anything with Hannah and he really means it. If it is deleted as in the target text, the readers can imagine that Jake is surprised when his mom asks him to play hide and seek with Hannah and he directly refuses it. That is why the score 4 is suitable for the Indonesian version.

To strengthen the characteristic of Jake, it is better to change the sentence into “Tidak, terima kasih” jawab Jake. “Aku tidak mau main permainan-permainan bayi konyol!”

23. …; perhaps the flashes and rumbles are more bombs going off;..

…; mungkin gemuruh dan cahaya putih itu adalah bom-bom yang dijatuhkan;…

The inaccuracy in the sentence above is the phrase the flashes and rumbles into gemuruh dan cahaya and it is given a 2. Considering that the author described the flashes and rumbles as the representation of war, the translated version gemuruh dan cahaya is inaccurate because the atmosphere is becoming nothing. In war, usually the situation is very destructive by the bombs, which are not only making explosion, but also sounds and lights. To support the idea of war, it is best to say mungkin suara-suara gemuruh dan kilat-kilat putih tersebut adalah bom-bom yang dijatuhkan.

24. He tries not to think about it, or look at the displays he passes.

Jake mencoba untuk tidak

memikirkannya, tidak juga menengok

foto di ruang pamer yang dilewatinya. The translation of the word displays into foto is inaccurate because it is translated into singular form and the meaning is changed. The content of the source text above is not conveyed accurately which means that the score is 3. It can be seen from the addition of the adverbial place di ruang pamer which causes a mistake. In the original story, the displays appear through the computer screens in the computer terminal. Moreover, the existence of the displays is at the computer terminal, not at the exhibition room, considering that Jake at that moment is in the computer terminal that he sees the displays. Also, when it is

considered as singular form, it means that there is one photo. In order to make both stories suitable, it is good to translate the sentence into Jake mecoba tidak memikirkannya, ataupun menengok foto-foto di layar-layar komputer yang ia lewati.

25. He stops after a few steps,… Jake berhenti,…

Another problem is found in the above sentence in which the translator omits after a few steps in which the readers can see the difference in meaning of both stories. In the source text, Jake is following his father and he is trying to call his father, but his father cannot listen to him at all that makes him give up and stops his steps. A different meaning is provided in the target text. The readers can interpret that Jake stops suddenly because of something that makes him shocked. The deletion of after a few steps has caused a significant change in meaning. To make it accurate and avoid the score 4, the best translation will be Jake menghentikan langkahnya.

26. Dead Eyes Mata Beku

Again, a special case of translating singular and plural form exists in the above phrase. The phrase above is the subtitle of Deadly Game. If it is translated into singular form, it makes the story become less striking and less horror. Then, 2 is suitable to score the target text. Considering that English and Indonesian language have equivalence, especially in singular and plural form, it is best translated into Sepasang Mata Beku instead of reduplicated which can lead to a different meaning. This solution can deliver the similar message and bring the mystical atmosphere of both stories.

28. Mum and Dad continue to pass

things to Hannah,…

Ayah dan Ibu memberikan sesuatu

kepada Hannah,…

Another inaccuracy is found in the translation of things into sesuatu. Considering that in the original story, the situation is that Jake’s family is sitting on the picnic table and having their lunch and Mum and Dad are helping Hannah to get her foods, it is most appropriate to say Ayah dan Ibu memberikan makanan kepada Hannah, instead of translating the word things into sesuatu that can mean something mystic and get score 3, being contrary to the situation in the original story which is fun and happy.

29. …, his voice breaking into Jake’s

thoughts.

…, suaranya membuyarkan lamunan

Jake.

The different meaning of translating thoughts into lamunan also appears in the sentence above. The inaccuracy in translating plural form into its singular makes the text get a 2. Originally, Jake is still confused of the things that happen to him and it makes him wondering so many questions in his mind. That is why the author decides to use plural form for the word thought. The translator, in the contrary, shifts the meaning into singular form. If this happens, it means that Jake is only thinking about one thing. To avoid meaning shift from the original story, it is much better to translate the sentence above into suaranya membuyarkan semua lamunan Jake.

31. Jake tries to speak, but no words

come out.

Jake mencoba mengatakan sesuatu, tetapi tak ada suara yang keluar. From the sentence above, the readers can see a significant effect of shifting the noun words into suara. In this case, the translator makes two mistakes and has caused the text get a 3. The first case is translating the plural noun words into its

singular form. This first mistake brings the other mistake, that is translating words into suara. These two words are very different in meaning. As the readers can interpret in the source text that the author means to say that Jake is trying to speak, but he is still very shocked and he does not know what to say. It is very contrast with the target text. Here, the readers can interpret that someone makes Jake unable to speak, possibly with magic.

Jake mencoba berbicara, tetapi tak ada kata-kata yang keluar will be the best translation for the sentence above because it will make no difference in meaning.

32. He pauses, raises a hand, flutters

his fingers and makes a slow, falling gesture.

James berhenti sejenak, mengangkat tangan, menggerakkan jarinya

memperagakan benda yang jatuh.

Another score 2 is given. James berhenti sejenak, mengangkat tangan, menggerakkan jemarinya memperagakan benda yang jatuh is the better translation for the sentence above. The translation of his fingers into jemarinya is more suitable instead of translating it into singular form jarinya. Since the author wants to personalize James’ fingers to describe something falling, the word jemarinya is better used. In Indonesian language, jemarinya is considered as plural form rather than jari-jarinya. If the translator keeps using jarinya, it means that James is not personalizing something, but pointing at something because all people know that if someone raises his hand and shows his one finger, it means that he is pointing at something. That is why it is better to keep translating the plural form his fingers into its plural form in Indonesian language jemarinya.

33. ‘… There are a few over there in the trees, Jake. …’

‘… Lihat, ada beberapa jiwa yang hilang di balikpohon itu, Jake. …’ Another inaccurate translation of plural form into singular can be seen from the sentence above. The prepositional phrase in the trees is directly translated into di balik pohon itu which means that the target text gets a 2. In the original text, the word the trees is in plural form to describe that there is a small forest behind the picnic table and James is pointing at it. The word the trees is used as the representation of the forest. In the opposite, the translator tends to shift the plural form into singular noun pohon. The case is that by using the singular word pohon, the representation of the forest will be lost. The environment possibly will be a place with some trees growing, and James is pointing at one of those trees.

To describe the real environment of the original story and keep the environment in the translated version, the sentence Lihat, ada beberapa jiwa yang hilang di balik pepohonan di sana, Jake will be best.

34. At first all he can make out is dense shadow, dark trunks, branches with stiff black leaves that rattle in a brief gust of wind.

Awalnya ia hanya bisa melihat bayangan gelap batang pohon, ranting-ranting denagn daun-daun hitam yang bergemerisik tertiup angin. A similar case of representation and scoring 2 also appears in the above sentence. The word trunks is represented as a part of a tree. By reading the source text, the readers can figure out that Jake is looking at the forest that James has pointed at, and all Jake can see is the trees with many trunks and leaves. The obvious thing is that the translator translates the other plural words branches and leaves into their plural form ranting-ranting and daun-daun, while for the word

trunks it is shifted into singular form. For the sake of delivering a similar idea between the author and the readers and keeping the horror atmosphere of both stories, it is suggested to say batang-batang pohon.

35. ‘… It might help you to avoid saying things you’ll regret.’

‘… Itu bisa membantumu untuk tidak mengatakan sesuatu yang nantinya akan membuat kamu menyesal.’

Another serious case when translating plural forms into singular can be observed from the sentence above. The existence of the plural word things is describing that Jake is very angry with his sister and he will say anything bad to Hannah to release his anger feeling. James, on the other hand, is giving advice to Jake not to say many things that can make him regret. The problem of the translated version sesuatu is that it seems that Jake probably says something intentionally that can make him regret. This cannot show the great anger of Jake to his sister’s mistake of replacing Jake with James. This different meaning also supports the text to get a 3.

The best solution to translate the source text above is Itu bisa membantumu untuk tidak mengatakan hal-hal yang nantinya akan membuat kamu menyesal.

36. Jake looks at the clouds

streaming across the dark sky, sees the flashes, hears the rumbles,…

Jake memandang langit. Awan

melintasi langit gelap dan kilat

menyambar, diikuti suara gemuruh.

The inaccuracy in translating three phrases above has changed the atmosphere of the story and the perfect judgement which changed into 2. If they are translated into singular forms awan, kilat and suara, the atmosphere possibly is raining day. Keeping the words the clouds, the flashes and the rumbles in plural

S33. ‘… There are a few over there in the trees, Jake. …’

‘… Lihat, ada beberapa jiwa yang hilang di balik pohon itu, Jake. …’ S34. At first all he can

make out is dense shadow, dark trunks, branches with stiff black leaves that rattle in a brief gust of wind.

Awalnya ia hanya bisa melihat bayangan gelap batang pohon, ranting-ranting denagn daun-daun hitam yang bergemerisik tertiup angin.

S35. ‘… It might help you to avoid saying things you’ll regret.’

‘… Itu bisa

membantumu untuk tidak mengatakan sesuatu yang nantinya akan membuat kamu menyesal.’ S36. Jake looks at the

clouds streaming across the dark sky, sees the flashes, hears the rumbles,…

Jake memandang langit. Awan melintasi langit gelap dan kilat

menyambar, diikuti suara gemuruh. S37. Jake glares at him,

new questions already forming on his lips,…

Jake menatap James dengan marah. Ia hampir mengatakan sesuatu,… S38. Jake and Hannah

are already running up the path to the stones.

Jake dan Hannah berlari mengikuti jalan setapak menuju batu melingkar. S39. …, a huge flash of

lightning allowing him to scan the gaps between the inner stones.

Kilat yang menyambar membantunya melihat jarak di antara mereka dan lingkaran dalam.

Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan melingkari satu diantara dua pernyataan dan berikan alasan Anda!

1. Dari analisa Anda di atas, menurut Anda apakah secara keseluruhan teks sumber dan teks target:

a. Akurat, karena

b. Tidak Akurat, karena

2. a. Jika akurat, apakah seluruh permasalahan pada teks target di atas tidak akan berdampak pada teks sumber dari segi isi cerita dan maksud-maksud yang disampaikan si pengarang? Berikan alasan Anda!

b. Jika tidak akurat, apakah pengaruh-pengaruh yang dapat diberikan oleh seluruh permasalahan pada teks target terhadap teks sumber?

3. Dari 1-10, berapa penilaian yang Anda berikan untuk teks target? Mengapa?

Kriteria: 1=sangat tidak akurat sekali 6=tidak akurat

2=sangat tidak akurat 7=cukup akurat 3=lumayan tidak akurat 8=akurat

4=kurang akurat 9=lumayan akurat

5 =cukup tidak akurat 10=sangat akurat

Appendix 4: The Result of Interview

In the appendix, the writer also has provided the interview result that has been done on 2April 2008 in the original version. The initial W stands for the writer and T stands for the translator. Transcription:

W : Kenapa Anda cenderung melakukan shift misalnya pada one of his comics

menjadi komiknya dan your comic menjadi komik-komikmu?

T : Sejujurnya saya tidak begitu memperhatikan itu comics menjadi komiknya.

Saya pikir tidak pengaruh ya, reading one of his comics menjadi sedang

membacakomiknya. Jadi saya tidak bermaksud melakukan shift.

W : Berarti sebenarnya Anda kurang menyadari kalau Anda melakukan shift? T : Ya.

W : Kenapa Anda tidak langsung saja menerjemahkan sesuai… misalnya one of

his comics menjadi salah satu komiknya?

T : Karena saya sedang berusaha membuat kalimat yang efektif. Jadi kalau dalam cerita dikatakan membaca salah satu komiknya dengan membaca

komik saya kira kalau sedang membaca salah satu komiknya kalimatnya

W : Apa kriteria Anda dalam memilih nouns yang pantas untuk di shift?

T : Seperti yang dikatakan tadi saya tidak bermaksud, berpotensi atau sengaja melakukan shift. Setelah kamu tunjukkan baru saya sadar “Oh ternyata saya cenderung mengubah plural menjadi singular dan singular menjadi plural. W : Setelah novel terjemahan Anda terbit, apakah Anda pernah membacanya dan

membandingkannya dengan ST? T : Terus terang tidak.

W : Saya menyebar kuisioner kemarin pada 5 orang dan 3 di antaranya menyatakan bahwa novel terjemahan Anda tidak akurat. Bagaimana pendapat Anda?

T : Ya tidak apa-apa, karena memang keakuratan itu… Begini ya, jadi mungkin seperti ini contohnya trunks lalu menjadi batang pohon itu. Menurut saya tidak terlalu berpengaruh pada inti cerita, tapi kalau ternyata dilihat secara kesatuan ini, jadi pada waktu menerjemahkan saya tidak terlalu memikirkan itu.

W : Terkadang juga Anda mengubah arti di TT misalnya pada words menjadi

suara?

T : Karena konteksnya, the words are muffled. Muffled itu kan tidak jelas jadi tidak mungkin kata tidak jelas, maka saya ganti karena menurut pemikiran saya itu muffled tidak jelas, jadi bukan kata.

W : Kemudian pada kalimat yang ini, Jake raises an eyebrow dan mengangkat

alisnya. Kalau di Indonesia, culture-nya alis itu dianggap plural dan kalau

menurut saya mengangkat satu alis itu berarti bingung. Bagaimana menurut Anda?

T : Konteks kalimatnya yang asli gimana? Jake sedang kebingungan? W : Ya.

T : Saya tidak begitu memperhatikan.

W : Setelah Anda menyadari ini semua, bagaimana pendapat Anda dengan hasil terjemahan Anda sendiri?

T : Dilihat seperti ini memang agak aneh. Tapi ini memang bagus. Bagi seorang penerjemah feedback seperti ini memang sangat bermanfaat jadi lain kali bisa lebih berhati-hati lagi dalam menerjemah. Jadi pada saat menerjemahkan saya tidak terlalu bernaung pada satu teori tertentu, menerjemahkan menurut saya acceptable atau tidak. Tetapi setelah kamu tunjukkan, memang agak aneh juga. Terima kasih.

W : Jadi saya tidak menyinggung perasaan Anda kan?

T : Tidak. Karena dari editornya jarang memberikan feedback. W : Tapi apakah mereka pernah membandingkan dengan ST nya?

T : Proses editing itu mereka hanya membaca TT nya. Karena editor hanya punya waktu 2 minggu. Kalau menemukan ada yang aneh, mereka cek ST nya. Tapi kalau tidak ada yang aneh, ya sudah.

W : Jadi secara keseluruhan Anda kurang menyadari bahwa Anda melakukan

shift?

W : Dan Anda juga kurang menyadari dampak-dampak dari shift-shift ini terhadap ceritanya?

T : Ya, karena jika suatu novel sudah dianggap acceptable oleh seorang penerjemah, namun menurut beberapa orang justru menimbulkan keanehan, ini fenomena yang sangat mungkin terjadi.