successful actions were continued in the next teaching and learning process but the unsuccessful actions were modified into the ones that were more suitable.
G. The Technique of Data Analysis
After getting all of the data needed in the research, I continued by analyzing the data. There are five stages that were followed in data analysis. Those are
elaborated as follow: 1 Assembling the Data
Firstly, all of the data gained through interview, observation, and students’ writing were assembled. The purpose of this step was to see the
patterns of the collected data. 2 Coding the Data
In this stage, the large amounts of the data were reduced into more manageable categories. The purpose of coding the data was to be able to
identify the patterns more specifically. 3 Comparing the Data
Once the data have been categorized in some way, comparisons can be made to see whether themes or patterns are repeated or developed across
different data gathering techniques Burns:1999. So, in this step, I compared the data in order to identify the relationship and connection between different
sources of data.
4 Building Interpretations In this stage, the meaning of the data was interpreted by involving the
creative thinking. I also reflected to the data several times to pose question, rethink the connections and develop explanation of the data.
5 Reporting the Outcomes The last stage is to present the report of the research. I made a report
contained the major processes of the research and showed the findings with the supporting data.
H. Validity and Reliability of the Research
Denscombe 2007:335 states that validity means whether or not the data reflect the truth, reflect reality and cover the crucial matters. To fulfill the validity of
the research, Anderson in Burns 1999:161 proposes five criteria namely democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
1. Democratic validity It is related to the extent to which the research is truly collaborative
and allows for the inclusion of multiple voices. In this research, the criterion is related to the participants’ opportunity to give their personal opinion,
ideas, and comments about the implication of the action research. The democratic validity was fulfilled by having discussions with the research
team member. During the discussion they were given abundant chances to give ideas, comments, and suggestion toward the research. The first, some
discussions were held to discuss the progress of the research. In the end of every meeting, the collaborators and I had a discussion to reflect the actions
