The Characteristics of Written Language

Then, Brown 2007:8 breaks down the components of the learning definition, they are: 1 learning is acquisition or “getting”. 2 learning is retention of information or skill. 3 retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive organization. 4 learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside or inside the organism. 5 learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 6 learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7 learning is a change in behavior. Because learning is a natural process, Curriculum 2013 proposes scientific approach in learning process. Scientific approach is believed as a golden bridge of the development of attitude, skill, and knowledge of students. According to Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 2014, scientific approach in Curriculum 2013 has some steps. They are observing mengamati, questioning menanya, experimenting mengumpulkan data, associating mengasosiasi and communicating mengkomunikasikan. 1 Observing mengamati The process of observing by senses reading, listening, seeing, watching etc. with or without tools. 2 Questioning menanya In this process, the students create and ask questions, discuss about some problems, the extra information they want to know, or as a clarification. 3 Experimenting mengumpulkan data The third process is experimenting. It means to explore, try, discuss, demonstrate, imitate the shape or motion, experiment, read other sources beside text book, collect data from informants through questionnaire, interview, and modifyadddevelop. 4 Associating mengasosiasi Associating means processing information that has been gathered, analyzing data in the form of creating category, associating or linking phenomenarelevant information in order to find a pattern and conclude them. 5 Communicating mengkomunikasikan It is a process of presenting a report in the form of charts, diagrams, or graphics; prepare written reports, and presenting a report covering the process, results, and conclusions orally Besides learning process, there is also writing process. Planning, drafting, revising, and editing are the four basics stages of writing process stated by Richards and Renandya 2002: 316. In every stage, it is suggested that it provides various learning activities that can support the learning of specific writing skills. The planned writing experiences for the students can be described as follows: 1 Planning Planning or pre-writing is an activity of writing that aimed to encourage and stimulate the students to write. Planning also brings the students away to have many ideas to write. Since its function is to stimulate students’ ideas to write, the writing activities must be prepared to provide them learning experiences of writing, such as clustering, brainstorming and etc.