procedure or report and narrative narrative and recount in the daily lives
context. recountnarrative.
Determining the correct word to fill the incomplete sentence
in the
form of
simple descriptiveprocedure.
Determining the correct word order to make the meaningful
sentence. Determining the correct word
order to make the coherent and meaningful paragraph.
c. The Characteristics of Written Language
To make a good writing, it needs some criteria. Briefly, from our experiences in the education field, a good writing means writing that contains no bad mistakes
which are no errors of grammar, punctuation, or spelling. In addition, Hyland 2003:5-6 mentions some criteria of good writing.
1 Accuracy and clear exposition. Both of them are the main criteria of good writing.
2 The actual communicative content, the thing that must be considered after accuracy and clear exposition.
3 Syntactic complexity and grammatical accuracy, one of the best measures of good writing.
Meanwhile, White 1986:7-9 explains deeply about the characteristics of a good writing. He proposes four characteristics of a good writing. They are:
1 the appeal to a target audience. It means that the writer must aware his writing will be read by many readers and adjust his writing to their desire.
2 a coherent structure. It means, the writer must have organizational scheme and outline in hisher writing.
3 a smooth, detailed development. It means that a writer should build his idea like discussing the idea in detail.
4 an appropriate, well-articulated style. It means that a writer should be able to choose the appropriate words to explain hisher idea. It is also called diction. It
also means that a writer should avoid such as ambiguous sentence or unnecessary complicated wording.
In fact, good writing is much more than just correct writing. It responds to the interests and needs of our readers.
d. The Writing Learning Process
It is important for the teacher to understand how hisher students learn, because it will be a consideration how heshe will teach them. There are many
different theories of learning process. Slavin 2003 in Brown 2007:7 defines learning as a change in an individual caused by experience.
Burns, 1995 in Dunn:2002 conceives learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior with behavior including both observable activity and internal
processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions.
Then, Brown 2007:8 breaks down the components of the learning definition, they are:
1 learning is acquisition or “getting”.
2 learning is retention of information or skill. 3 retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive organization.
4 learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside
or inside the organism. 5 learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
6 learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7 learning is a change in behavior.
Because learning is a natural process, Curriculum 2013 proposes scientific approach in learning process. Scientific approach is believed as a golden bridge of
the development of attitude, skill, and knowledge of students. According to Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 2014, scientific
approach in Curriculum 2013 has some steps. They are observing mengamati, questioning
menanya, experimenting
mengumpulkan data,
associating mengasosiasi and communicating mengkomunikasikan.
1 Observing mengamati The process of observing by senses reading, listening, seeing, watching etc.
with or without tools. 2 Questioning menanya
In this process, the students create and ask questions, discuss about some problems, the extra information they want to know, or as a clarification.
3 Experimenting mengumpulkan data The third process is experimenting. It means to explore, try, discuss,
demonstrate, imitate the shape or motion, experiment, read other sources
