4 Building Interpretations In this stage, the meaning of the data was interpreted by involving the
creative thinking. I also reflected to the data several times to pose question, rethink the connections and develop explanation of the data.
5 Reporting the Outcomes The last stage is to present the report of the research. I made a report
contained the major processes of the research and showed the findings with the supporting data.
H. Validity and Reliability of the Research
Denscombe 2007:335 states that validity means whether or not the data reflect the truth, reflect reality and cover the crucial matters. To fulfill the validity of
the research, Anderson in Burns 1999:161 proposes five criteria namely democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
1. Democratic validity It is related to the extent to which the research is truly collaborative
and allows for the inclusion of multiple voices. In this research, the criterion is related to the participants’ opportunity to give their personal opinion,
ideas, and comments about the implication of the action research. The democratic validity was fulfilled by having discussions with the research
team member. During the discussion they were given abundant chances to give ideas, comments, and suggestion toward the research. The first, some
discussions were held to discuss the progress of the research. In the end of every meeting, the collaborators and I had a discussion to reflect the actions
of that day. In the end of every cycle, a discussion was held to evaluate the actions that had been implemented and to plan the actions in the next cycle.
2. Outcome Validity Burns 1999 states that outcome validity refers to the action that
leads to successful outcomes within the research context. To fulfill the outcome validity, some indicators that show improvement of the writing
learning process were formulated together. The indicators are as follows: a.
The students’ opportunity to write increase; b. The teacher would focus on the teaching of writing with the use of
Facebook group; c. The students would enjoy the writing activities;
d. There would be interesting media in the teaching and learning process;
e. The students would be active during the English teaching and learning process.
3. Process validity It is related to the criterion to make the action research believable. To
get the process validity, I collected the data by doing observation, taking note during the observation, and recording the interview process. In this case, the
actions were believable. 4. Catalytic validity
It relates to the extent to which the research allows participants to deepen their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they
