this stage is “showmanship” technique. It is known as controlling the direct attention of the classroom. Over those stages have been justified above, Bottury
2003 summarized Heinich et. al. procedures to utilize the materials into 5 Ps sanding for preview the material, prepare the material, prepare the environment,
prepare the audience, and present the material.
f. Require Learner Response
The next step in ASUURE model is requiring learner response. Heinich et. al. 1982: 35 stated that “there should be activities within the lesson that the students
to respond and to receive feedback on the appropriateness of their performances or responses”. Research showed that instructional design that encouraged
student’s response is highly desired since it encouraged an effective teaching technique.
Heinich et al, 1982: 54 suggested that the activities that can provide opportunities for response and reinforcement during instruction are discussions,
short quizzes, and application exercises. Programed instruction is also one of varied technological learning media that encouraged student’s response and
reinforcement for effective learning. The advantages of programed instruction are that the teacher is able to design learner participation, response and reinforcement
into a wide variety of instructional situations and media combinations.
g. Evaluate
The final step of ADDIE model is Evaluation. To do so, the procedure that must be done is evaluating the entire instructional process. Through evaluation,
teacher can detect and correct learningteaching problems and difficulties in the
instructional process which may threaten of objectives. There are two types of evaluation proposed by Heinich et. al. 1982 including 1 evaluation of learner
achievement and 2 evaluation of media and methods. The method to evaluate achievement is influenced by the nature of the
objective, whether it calls for cognitive skills, process-typed behaviors, the creation of products, or the holding of attitudes. The means to assess learner
achievement may be written or oral test, performance checklist, product rating checklist, and etc. Besides, another evaluation that is also included in ASSURE
model is evaluation of instructional media and methods. This type of evaluation can be obtained through class discussions, individual interviews, and observation
of student behavior. Although evolution is put at the end stage of ASSURE model, evaluation is
not the end of instruction. In contrary, it becomes the starting point of the next and continuing cycle of systematic ASSURE model. The overview of ASSURE
design model can be viewed in the following figure.
Figure 2.14 The ASSURE Model, Diagram by: Luca Botturi
ANALYZE LEARNERS
STATE OBJECTIVES
ABCD SELECT
METHODS, MEDIA
MATERIALS UTILIZE
MEDIA MATERIALS
5Ps REQUIRE
LEARNER RESPONSE
EVALUATION REVISE objectives
ANALYZE LEARNERS
STATE OBJECTIVES
ABCD SELECT
METHODS, MEDIA
MATERIALS UTILIZE
MEDIA MATERIALS
5Ps REQUIRE
LEARNER RESPONSE
EVALUATION REVISE
In figure 2.14 Evaluation can be applied in every stage of ASSURE model. It is not stop in one stage only, but rather it forms a systematic cycle that can be
flexibly followed.
6. Review of Related Studies
