Modifying the launch code
15.7 Switching Between Naming Services
Now that we have another naming service, its natural to wonder how much work it is to adapt our existing code to use it. The answer is that its pretty easy to switch between naming services. In order to adapt an application, we need to do three things: • Decide how were going to store information in the naming service • Rewrite the launch code to create the necessary contexts and store the stubs appropriately • Rewrite the clients lookup code to reflect the new naming structure There are two very important things you dont need to change: • The actual servers. Neither the interfaces nor the implementations need to change at all. • The distributed garbage collection strategy. Because leases are automatically maintained by RMI, binding stubs into this naming service will keep the associated servers alive, just as binding stubs into the RMI registry kept the associated servers alive.15.7.1 Adapting the Bank Example
One way to adapt the bank example is to bind stubs into two different contexts, checking and savings . Stubs for checking accounts will be bound into checking and stubs for savings accounts will be bound into savings . Another way to accomplish this is to create an attribute called account_type and use two values checking and savings .15.7.1.1 Modifying the launch code
In order to gratuitously demonstrate federation in action, we will actually launch each of our contexts in a separate JVM. To do this, we will use the AdditionalContextLauncher class. Heres the code for it: public class AdditionalContextLauncher { public static void mainString[] args { for int i = 0; i args.length; i++ { launchContextargs[0], args[i]; } } private static void launchContextString baseContextMachine, String pathPlusName { StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizerpathPlusName, , false; int numberOfPathTokens = tokenizer.countTokens -1 ; Path path = null; if 0=numberOfPathTokens { String[] pathComponents = new String[numberOfPathTokens]; for int counter=0; counter numberOfPa thTokens; counter++ { pathComponents[counter] = tokenizer.nextToken ; } path = Path.buildPathpathComponents; } String name = tokenizer.nextToken ; try { ContextImpl newContext = new ContextImpl ; Context startingContext = BaseContextImpl getStubFromServerbaseContextMachine; startingContext.bindSubContextpath, name, newContext; } catch NamingException e { System.out.printlnFailed to launched context + pathPlusName; System.out.printlne.getDescription ; e.printStackTrace ; } catch Exception ee { ee.printStackTrace ; } } } This is a simple program that expects at least two, possibly more, arguments on the command line. The first argument is the machine where the base context is running, and the additional arguments are paths for the various contexts that should be added to the naming structure. Thus, the launchcheckingcontexts.bat batch file consists of the following single line: start java -cp d:\classes -Djava.security.policy=c:\java.policy com.ora.rmibook chapter15.basicapps.AdditionalContextLauncher 127.0.0.1 checking This isnt a particularly good way to bind subcontexts. Note that we dont use createsubContext at all in AdditionalContextLauncher . In fact, all messages between contexts added by AdditionalContextLauncher go through RMI through serialization and socket communication. Once weve written the code and the batch files that create the contexts we will need, we need to modify the code that binds our servers into the naming service. Here, for example is the code from the ImplLauncher class in the com.ora.rmibook.chapter15.bank.applications package that binds a server into the naming service: Account_Impl newAccount = new Account_ImplserverDescription.balance; Path path = Path.buildPathnew String[]{serverDescription.contextName}; if null==baseContext { getContext ; } baseContext.bindpath, serverDescription.name, new AttributeSet , newAccount; System.out.printlnAccount + serverDescription.name + successfully launched.; serverDescription is just an instance of a static inner class named AccountDescription : private static class AccountDescription { String name; Money balance; String contextName; } This compares quite favorably to the launch code that used the RMI registry™ ImplLauncher has four more lines of code but binds stubs to subcontexts.15.7.1.2 Modifying the client code
Parts
» OReilly.Java.Rmi. 2313KB Mar 29 2010 05:03:49 AM
» Writing data Resource management
» Some Useful Intermediate Streams
» Revisiting the ViewFile Application
» Protocols Metadata Protocols and Metadata
» The accept method A Simple Web Server
» Customizing Socket Behavior Sockets
» Direct Stream Manipulation Subclassing Socket Is a Better Solution
» A Special-Purpose Socket Special-Purpose Sockets
» Factories Socket Factories Special-Purpose Sockets
» Registering providers Using SSL with JSSE
» Configuring SSLServerSocket Using SSL with JSSE
» A Network-Based Printer A Socket-Based Printer Server
» The Basic Objects A Socket-Based Printer Server
» DocumentDescription Encapsulation and Sending Objects
» ClientNetworkWrapper Network-Aware Wrapper Objects
» ServerNetworkWrapper Network-Aware Wrapper Objects
» Passing by Value Versus Passing by Reference
» The Architecture Diagram Revisited
» The Printer Interface Implementing the Basic Objects
» Examining the skeleton Implementing a Printer
» DocumentDescription The Data Objects
» The Client Application Summary
» The Bank Example Introducing the Bank Example
» Security Scalability Design Postponements
» The Basic Use Case A Distributed Architecturefor the Bank Example
» Partial Failures Problems That Arise in Distributed Applications
» Network Latency Problems That Arise in Distributed Applications
» Memory, in general, is not an issue here Sockets in RMI arent a limitation either
» Applying this to Bank versus Accounts
» Should We Implement Bank or Account?
» Iterators, again Applying this to the Account interface
» Applying this to the Account interface
» Data Objects Dont Usually Have Functional Methods Interfaces Give You the Data Objects
» Accounting for Partial Failure
» A Server That Extends UnicastRemoteObject A Server That Does Not Extend UnicastRemoteObject
» The benefits of UnicastRemoteObject
» The costs of UnicastRemoteObject
» Getting Rid of the Skeletons
» Build Test Applications The Rest of the Application
» Dont Hold Connections to a Server Youre Not Using
» Validate Arguments on the Client Side Whenever Reasonable
» The Actual Client Application
» Deploying the Application The Rest of the Application
» Drilling Down on Object Creation
» The write methods ObjectOutputStream
» The stream manipulation methods Methods that customize the serialization mechanism
» The read methods ObjectInputStream
» Declaring transient fields Implementing writeObject and readObject
» Implement the Serializable Interface Make Sure That Superclass State Is Handled Correctly
» The Data Format The Serialization Algorithm
» Writing A Simplified Version of the Serialization Algorithm
» annotateClass replaceObject RMI Customizes the Serialization Algorithm
» Maintaining Direct Connections The Serialization Algorithm
» The Two Types of Versioning Problems
» How Serialization Detects When a Class Has Changed Implementing Your Own Versioning Scheme
» Serialization Depends on Reflection Serialization Has a Verbose Data Format
» It Is Easy to Send More Data Than Is Required
» Comparing Externalizable to Serializable
» The Calling Stack Basic Terminology
» The Heap Threads Basic Terminology
» Mutexes Applying This to the Printer Server
» Controlling Individual Threads Threading Concepts
» Coordinating Thread Activities Threading Concepts
» Cache Management Assigning Priorities to Threads
» The effects of synchronization on the threads local cache
» The wait methods The notify methods
» Starting a thread is easy Stopping a thread is harder
» Using Runnable instead of subclassing Thread Useful methods defined on the Thread class
» The Basic Task Implementing Threading
» Applying this to the bank example
» Synchronize around the smallest possible block of code
» Dont synchronize across device accesses
» Concurrent modification exceptions Be Careful When Using Container Classes
» Start with Code That Works Use Containers to Mediate Interthread Communication
» Immutable Objects Are Automatically Threadsafe Always Have a Safe Way to Stop Your Threads
» Pay Careful Attention to What You Serialize
» Use Threading to Reduce Response-Time Variance Limit the Number of Objects a Thread Touches
» Acquire Locks in a Fixed Order Use Worker Threads to Prevent Deadlocks
» The Idea of a Pool Two Interfaces That Define a Pool
» A First Implementation of Pooling
» Problems with SimplePool Pools: An Extended Example
» The Creation Thread Pools: An Extended Example
» Gradually Shrinking the Pool
» What Were Testing Testing the Bank Application
» When Are Naming Services Appropriate?
» bind , rebind , and unbind lookup and list
» Bootstrapping the Registry The RMI Registry Is an RMI Server
» Querying the Registry Launching an Application-Specific Registry
» Filesystems Yellow pages The general idea of directories and entries
» Security Issues The RMI Registry
» Operations on contexts Hierarchies
» Attributes are string-valued, name-value pairs
» Federation Federation and Threading
» Value Objects Represent Sets and Lists Paths, Names, and Attributes Are All Distinct
» AttributeSet The Value Objects
» Path and ContextList The Value Objects
» The Context Interface The Java Naming and Directory Interface JNDI
» Using JNDI with the Bank Example
» How RMI Solves the Bootstrapping Problem
» Ordinary Garbage Collection Distributed Garbage Collection
» Defining Network Garbage Distributed Garbage Collection
» Leasing Distributed Garbage Collection
» The Actual Distributed Garbage Collector The Unreferenced Interface
» The Standard Log RMIs Logging Facilities
» The Specialized Logs RMIs Logging Facilities
» java.rmi.server.randomIDs sun.rmi.server.exceptionTrace
» sun.rmi.dgc.client.gcInterval sun.rmi.dgc.server.gcInterval
» sun.rmi.dgc.checkInterval sun.rmi.dgc.cleanInterval
» Resource Management Factories and the Activation Framework
» A Basic Factory Implementing a Generic Factory
» The new factory Building on the Account-Locking Mechanism
» The new account The launch code and the client
» Persistence and the Server Lifecycle
» Making a server into an activatable object
» Deploying an Activatable System
» ActivationDesc, ActivationGroupDesc, and ActivationGroup in More Detail
» Shutting Down an Activatable Server
» -port -log rmid Command-Line Arguments
» sun.rmi.server.activation.debugExec
» A Final Word About Factories
» Implementing Serializable Implementing equals and hashCode
» Modifying Ordinary Servers Incorporating a Custom Socket into an Application
» Modifying Activatable Servers Incorporating a Custom Socket into an Application
» Interaction with Parameters Incorporating a Custom Socket into an Application
» A Redeployment Scenario How Dynamic Classloading Works
» A Multiple-Deployment Scenario How Dynamic Classloading Works
» Requesting a Class The Class Server
» Receiving a Class Handling JAR files
» Suns Class Server The Class Server
» Server-Side Changes Using Dynamic Classloadingin an Application
» Naming-Service Changes Using Dynamic Classloadingin an Application
» Client-Side Changes Disabling Dynamic Classloading Entirely
» A Different Kind of Security Problem
» AWT permissions The Types of Permissions
» File permissions Socket permissions
» Property permissions The Types of Permissions
» Installing an Instance of SecurityManager
» How a Security Manager Works java.security.debug
» Using Security Policies with RMI Policy Tool
» Printer-Type Methods Report-Type Methods
» Client-side polling Polling code in the printer application
» Server-side callbacks Define a client-side callback interface
» Implement the client-side interface
» Server-evaluation models Ch a pt e r 7
» Iterators on the client side
» Implementing Background Downloading on the Client Side
» The Common Gateway Interface Servlets
» Naming services and the server machine
» The Servlet Code A Servlet Implementationof HTTP Tunneling
» Modifying the Tunneling Mechanism
» Disabling HTTP Tunneling HTTP Tunneling
» Defining the Interface Generating Stubs and Skeletons
» The Server The Launch and Client Code
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